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                    INTRODUCTION TO THE METAPHYSIC OF MORALS

                                by Immanuel Kant

                            translated by W。 Hastie

DIVISIONS

     GENERAL DIVISIONS OF THE METAPHYSIC OF MORALS



  I。 DIVISION OF THE METAPHYSIC OF MORALS AS A SYSTEM OF

                   DUTIES GENERALLY。



  1。 All duties are either duties of right�察�that is�察�juridical

duties ��officia juris���察�or duties of virtue�察�that is�察�ethical duties

��officia virtutis s。 ethica��。 Juridical duties are such as may be

promulgated by external legislation�察�ethical duties are those for

which such legislation is not possible。 The reason why the latter

cannot be properly made the subject of external legislation is because

they relate to an end or final purpose�察�which is itself�察�at the same

time�察�embraced in these duties�察�and which it is a duty for the

individual to have as such。 But no external legislation can cause

any one to adopt a particular intention�察�or to propose to himself a

certain purpose�察�for this depends upon an internal condition or act of

the mind itself。 However�察�external actions conducive to such a

mental condition may be commanded�察�without its being implied that

the individual will of necessity make them an end to himself。

  But why�察�then�察�it may be asked�察�is the science of morals�察�or moral

philosophy�察�commonly entitled´ especially by Cicero´ the science of

duty and not also the science of right�察�since duties and rights

refer to each other�拭�The reason is this。 We know our own freedom´ from

which all moral laws and consequently all rights as well as all duties

arise´ only through the moral imperative�察�which is an immediate

injunction of duty�察�whereas the conception of right as a ground of

putting others under obligation has afterwards to be developed out

of it。

  2。 In the doctrine of duty�察�man may and ought to be represented in

accordance with the nature of his faculty of freedom�察�which is

entirely supra´sensible。 He is�察�therefore�察�to be represented purely

according to his humanity as a personality independent of physical

determinations ��homo noumenon���察�in distinction from the same person as

a man modified with these determinations ��homo phenomenon��。 Hence

the conceptions of right and end when referred to duty�察�in view of

this twofold quality�察�give the following division��



  DIVISION OF THE METAPHYSIC OF MORALS ACCORDING TO THE OBJECTIVE

                  RELATION OF THE LAW OF DUTY。



                         I。 The Right of Humanity。

I。 Juridical   Oneself     in our own person ��juridicial

      Duties     to or     duties towards oneself��             Perfect

                Others                                            Duty

                        II。 The Right of Mankind。

                            in others ��juridical duties

                            towards others。��





                       III。 The End of Humanity。

II。 Ethical   Oneself       in our person ��eithical duties

     Duties     to or       towards oneself��                 Imperfect

               Others                                             Duty

                        IV。 The End of Mankind。

                            in others ��ethical duties

                            towards others。��





  II。 DIVISION OF THE METAPHYSIC OF MORALS ACCORDING TO RELATIONS

                      OF OBLIGATION。



  As the subjects between whom a relation of right and duty is

apprehended´ whether it actually exists or not´ admit of being

conceived in various juridical relations to each other�察�another

division may be proposed from this point of view�察�as follows��



  DIVISION POSSIBLE ACCORDING TO THE SUBJECTIVE RELATION OF

      THOSE WHO BIND UNDER OBLIGATIONS�察�AND THOSE WHO ARE

                 BOUND UNDER OBLIGATIONS。



  1。 The juridical relation of man to beings who have neither right

nor duty��

  Vacat。 There is no such relation�察�for such beings are irrational��

and they neither put us under obligation�察�nor can we be put under

obligation by them。



  2。 The juridical relation of man to beings who have both rights

and duties��

  Adest。 There is such a relation�察�for it is the relation of men to

men。



  3。 The juridical relation of man to beings who have only duties

and no rights��

  Vacat。 There is no such relation�察�for such beings would be men

without juridical personality�察�as slaves of bondsmen。



  4 The juridical relation of man to a being who has only rights and

no duties ��God����

  Vacat。 There is no such relation in mere philosophy�察�because such

a being is not an object of possible experience。



  A real relation between right and duty is therefore found�察�in this

scheme�察�only in No。 2。 The reason why such is not likewise found in

No。 4 is because it would constitute a transcendent duty�察�that is�察�one

to which no corresponding subject can be given that is external and

capable of imposing obligation。 Consequently the relation from the

theoretical point of view is here merely ideal�察�that is�察�it is a

relation to an object of thought which we form for ourselves。 But

the conception of this object is not entirely empty。 On the

contrary�察�it is a fruitful conception in relation to ourselves and the

maxims of our inner morality�察�and therefore in relation to practice

generally。 And it is in this bearing that all the duty involved and

practicable for us in such a merely ideal relation lies。





  III。 DIVISION OF THE METAPHYSIC OF MORALS AS A SYSTEM OF

                     DUTIES GENERALLY。



  According to the constituent principles and the method of the

system。



  I。 Principles    I。 Duties of Right        I。 Private Right。

                                             II。 Public Right



                  II。 Duties of Virtue�察�etc。

                      And so on�察�including all that

                      refers not only to the

                      materials�察�but also to the

                      architectonic form of a

                      scientific system of morals��

                      when the metaphysical

                      investigation of the elements

                      has completely traced out the

                      universal principles constituting

                      the whole。



  II。 Method       I。 Didactics

                  II。 Ascetics

       GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO THE METAPHYSIC OF MORALS



  I。 THE RELATION OF THE FACULTIES OF THE HUMAN MIND TO THE

                        MORAL LAWS。



  The active faculty of the human mind�察�as the faculty of desire in

its widest sense�察�is the power which man has�察�through his mental

representations�察�of becoming the cause of objects corresponding to

these representations。 The capacity of a being to act in conformity

with his own representations is what constitutes the life of such a

being。

  It is to be observed�察�first�察�that with desire or aversion there is

always connected pleasure or pain�察�the susceptibility for which is

called feeling。 But the converse does not always hold�察�for there may

be a pleasure connected�察�not with the desire of an object�察�but with

a mere mental representation�察�it being indifferent whether an object

corresponding to the representation exist or not。 And second�察�the

pleasure or pain connected with the object of desire does not always

precede the activity of desire�察�nor can it be regarded in every case

as the cause�察�but it may as well be the effect of that activity。 The

capacity of experiencing pleasure or pain on the occasion of a

mental representation is called ;feeling�察─�because pleasure and pain

contain only what is subjective in the relations of our mental

activity。 They do not involve any relation to an object that could

possibly furnish a knowledge of it as such�察�they cannot even give us a

knowledge of our own mental state。 For even sensations��* considered

apart from the qualities which attach to them on account of the

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