study of the king james bible(杯咫ヾ淵将ゝ冩梢)-及22嫗
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Greek。 You seldom find any turn of a word in the King James version�察�
though you do occasionally find it in the Hebrew。 One such punning
expression occurs in the story of Samson ��Judges xv��16���察 �where our
version reads�此 �With the jawbone of an ass�察 �heaps upon heaps�察 �with the
jawbone of an ass have I slain a thousand men。; In the Hebrew the words
translated ;ass; and ;heaps; are variants of the same word。 It comes near
the Hebrew to say�此 �With the jawbone of an ass�察 �masses upon masses�察─�
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and so on。 These translators would not risk reproducing such puns for fear
of lowering the dignity of their results。 There is a deadly seriousness about
their work and so they never lose strength as they go on。
That earnestness grows out of a second fact which may be
emphasizednamely�察�the greatness of the themes of Bible literature。 Here
is history�察�but it is not cast into fiction form。 History always becomes more
interesting for a first reading when it is in the form of fiction�察�but it always
loses greatness in that form。 Test it by turning from a history of the
American revolutionary or civil war to an historical novel that deals with
the same period�察�or from a history of Scotland to the Waverly novels。 In
some degree the earnestness of the time is lost�察�the same facts are there�察�
but they do not loom so large�察�nor do they seem so great。 So there is power
in the fact that the historical elements of the version are in stately form and
are never sacrificed to the fictional form。
These great themes save the work from being local。 It issues from life�察�
but from life considered in the large。 The themes of great literature are
great enough to make their immediate surroundings forgotten。 ;The
English Bible deals with the great facts and the great problems。 It is from
the point of view of those great facts that it handles even commonplace
things�察�and you forget the commonplaceness of the things in the greatness
of the dealing。 Take its attitude toward God。 One needs the sense of that
great theme to read it fairly。 It quietly overlooks secondary causes�察�goes
back of them to God。 Partly that was because the original writers were
ignorant of some of those secondary causes�察�partly that they knew them�察�
but wanted to go farther back。 Take the most outstanding instance�察�that of
the Book of Jonah。 All its facts�察 �without exception�察 �can be told without
mention of God�察�if one cared to do it。 But there could not be anything like
so great a story if it is told that way。 One of his biographers says of
Lincoln that there is nothing in his whole career which calls for
explanation in other than a purely natural and human way。 That is true�察�if
one does not care to go any farther back than that。 But the greatest story
cannot be made out of Lincoln's life on those terms。 There is not material
enough�察 �the life must be delocalized。 It can be told without that larger
view�察�so that it will be of interest to America and American children�察�but
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not so that it will be of value to generations of men in all countries and
under all circumstances if it is told on those terms。 Part of the greatness of
Scripture�察�from a literary point of view�察�is that it has such a tremendous
range of theme�察 �and is saved from a mere narration of local events by
seeing those events in the light of larger considerations。
Let that stand for one of the great facts。 Now take one of the great
problems。 The thing that makes Job so great a classic is the fact that�察�while
it is dealing with a character�察�he is standing for the problem of undeserved
suffering。 A man who has that before him�察 �if he has at all the gift of
imagination�察�is sure to write in a far larger way than when he is dealing
with a man with boils as though he were finally important。 One could deal
with Job as a character�察�and do a small piece of work。 But when you deal
with Job as a type�察�a much larger opportunity offers。
It is these great ideas�察 �as to either facts or problems�察 �that give the
seriousness�察�the earnestness to the literature of the Bible。 Men who express
great ideas in literary form are not dilettante about them。 One of the
English writers just now prominent as an essayist is often counted
whimsical�察 �trifling。 One of his near friends keenly resents that opinion�察�
insists instead that he is dead in earnest�察 �serious to the last degree�察�
purposeful in all his work。 What makes that so difficult to believe is that
there is always a tone of chaffing in his essays。 He seems always to be
making fun of himself or of other people�察�and if he is dead in earnest he
has the wrong style to make great literature or literature that will live long。
It is that earnestness and greatness of theme which puts the tang into
the English of the Bible。 Coleridge says that ;after reading Isaiah or the
Epistle to the Hebrews�察 �Homer and Virgil are disgustingly tame�察 �Milton
himself barely tolerable。; It need not be put quite so strongly as that�察�but
there is large warrant of fact in that expression。
Go a little farther in thought of the literary characteristics of the Bible。
Notice the variety of the forms involved。 Recall Professor Moulton's four
cardinal points in literature�察 �all of it taking one of these forms�此 �either
description�察 �when a scene is given in the words of the author�察 �as when
Milton and Homer describe scenes without pretending to give the words of
the actors throughout�察�or�察�secondly�察�presentation�察�when a scene is given in
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the words of those who took part in it�察�and the author does not appear�察�as�察�
of course�察�in the plays of Shakespeare�察�when he never appears�察�but where
all his sentiments are put in the words of others。 As between those two�察�the
Bible is predominantly a book of description�察�the authors for the most part
doing the speaking�察�though there is�察�of course�察�an element of presentation。
Professor Moulton goes on with the two other phases of literary form�此�
prose�察 �moving in the region limited by facts�察 �as history and philosophy
deal only with what actually has existence�察�and poetry�察�which by its Greek
origin means creative literature。 He reminds us that�察 �however literature
starts�察�these are the points toward which it moves�察�the paths it takes。 All
four of them appear in the literature of the English Bible。 You have more
of prose and less of poetry�察 �but the poetry is there�察 �not in the sense of
rhyme�察�but in the sense of real creative literature。
A more natural way of considering the literature has been followed by
Professor Gardiner。 He finds four elements in the literature of the Bible�此�its
narrative�察 �its poetry�察 �its philosophizing�察 �and its prophecy。 It is not
necessary for our purpose to go into details about that。 We shall have all
we need