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study of the king james bible(杯咫ヾ淵将ゝ冩梢)-及28嫗

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the    Bible    story�察─  �and   a  century     ago   Capel     Lloft   said   quaintly    that 

Shakespeare   ;had   deeply   imbibed   the   Scriptures。;   But   the   King   James 

version appeared only five years before his death�察�and it is in some sense 

fairer to say that Shakespeare and the King James version are formed by 

the same   influence   as   to   their   English style。 The   Bishop of   St。 Andrews 

even devotes the first part of his book on Shakespeare and the Bible to a 

study of parallels between the two in peculiar forms of speech�察�and thinks 

it ;probable that our translators of 1611 owed as much to Shakespeare as�察�

or rather far more than�察�he owed to them。;��1�А�It is generally agreed that 

only   two   of   his   works   were   written   after   our   version   appeared。   Several 

other writers have devoted separate volumes to noting the frequent use by 

Shakespeare of   Biblical   phrases   and   allusions   and   characters taken   from 

early versions。 It is a very tempting field�察�and we pass it by only because it 

is hardly in the range of the study we are now making。 

       ��1�А�Wordsworth�察�Shakespeare's Knowledge and Use of the Bible�察�p。 9。 

       When�察�however�察�we come to John Milton ��1608´1674���察�we remember 

he   was   only   three   years   old   when   our   version   was   issued�察  �that   when   at 

fifteen�察  �an   undergraduate   in   Cambridge�察  �he   made   his   first   paraphrases�察�

casting two of the Psalms into meter�察�the version he used was this familiar 

one。   A   biographer   says   he     began   the   day   always   with     the   reading   of 

Scripture   and   kept   his   memory  deeply  charged   with   its   phrases。   In   later 

life the morning chapter was generally from the Hebrew�察�and was followed 



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by an hour of silence for meditation�察�an exercise whose influence no man's 

style could escape。 As a writer he moved steadily toward the Scripture and 

the   religious   teaching   which   it   brought   his   age。   His   earlier   writing   is   a 

group of poems largely secular�察�which yet show in phrases and expressions 

much of   the influence of his   boyhood study  of the   Bible�察�as   well as   the 

familiar   use   of   mythology。  The   memorial   poem   ;Lycidas�察─  �for   example�察�

contains the much´quoted reference to Peter and his two keys 

        ;Last   came   and   last   did   go   The   pilot   of the   Galilean   lake�察    �Two 

massy   keys   he   bore   of   metals   twain�察     。�The   golden   opes�察  �the   iron   shuts 

amain��。; 

        But after these poems came the period of his prose�察�the work which 

he supposed was the abiding work of his life。 George William Curtis told a 

friend that our civil war changed his own literary style�此 �That roused me to 

see that I had no right to spend my life in literary leisure。 I felt that I must 

throw   myself   into   the   struggle   for   freedom   and   the   Union。   I   began   to 

lecture and to write。 The style took care of itself。 But I fancy it is more 

solid than it was thirty years ago。; That is what happened to Milton when 

the protectorate came。��1�А�It made his style more solid。 He did not mean to 

live as a poet。 He felt that his best energies were being put into his essays 

in defense of liberty�察�on the freedom of the press and on the justice of the 

beheading of Charles�察�in which service he sacrificed his sight。 All of it is 

shot through with Scripture quotations and arguments�察�and some of it�察�at 

least�察  �is   in   the   very   spirit   of   Scripture。   The   plea   for   larger   freedom   of 

divorce      issued    plainly   from    his   own     bitter  experience�察     �but   his  main 

argument roots in a few Bible texts taken out of their connection and urged 

with no shadow of question of their authority。 Indeed�察�when he comes to 

his more religious essays�察�his heavy argument is that there should be no 

religion permitted in England which is not drawn directly from the Bible�察�

which�察  �therefore�察 �he   urges   must   be   common   property  for   all   the   people。 

There is   a   curious bit   of   evidence   that the   men   of   his own   time   did not 

realize    his   power     as  a   poet。   In  Pierre    Bayle's    critical   survey    of   the 

literature     of  the   time�察  �he   calls   Milton    ;the   famous      apologist    for   the 

execution   of   Charles   I。�察─  �who   ;meddled   in   poetry   and   several   of   whose 

poems saw the light during his life or after his death� ─�For all that�察�Milton 



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was   only   working   on   toward   his   real   power�察  �and   his   power   was   to   be 

shown   in   his   service   to   religion。   His   three   great   poems�察  �in   the   order   of 

their    value�察  �are�察  �of  course�察    �Paradise     Lost�察─   �Samson      Agonistes�察─     �and 

;Paradise   Regained。;   Whoever   knows   anything   of   Milton   knows   these 

three and knows they are Scriptural from first to last in phrase�察�in allusion�察�

and�察  �in   part   at   least�察 �in   idea。  There   is   not   time   for   extended   illustration。 

One instance may stand for all�察�which shall illustrate how Milton's mind 

was like a garden where the seeds of Scripture came to flower and fruit。 

He   will   take   one   phrase   from   the   Bible   and   let   it   grow   to   a   page   in 

;Paradise Lost。; Here is an illustration which comes readily to hand。 In the 

Genesis it is said that ;the spirit of God moved on the face of the waters。; 

The verb suggests the idea of brooding。 There is only one other possible 

reference      ��Psalm    xxiv�此   �9。��  which     is  included    in  this   statement     which 

Milton makes out of that brief word in the Genesis�此�

                             ;On   the   watery   calm       His   broadening   wings   the 

Spirit    of  God     outspread�察    �And      vital  virtue   infused�察   �and    vital  warmth 

Throughout the fluid mass�察�but downward purged                        The black tartareous 

cold     infernal   dregs�察    �Adverse      to   life�察 �then   formed�察    �then    con´globed�察�

Like things to like�察�the rest to several place             Disparted�察�and between spun 

out the air     And earth self´balanced on her center swung。; 

        ��1�А�Strong�察�The Theology of the Poets。 

       Any one familiar with Milton will recognize that as a typical instance 

of the way in which a seed idea from the Scripture comes to flower and 

fruit in him。 The result is that more people have their ideas about heaven 

and hell from Milton than from the Bible�察�though they do not know it。 

     It seems hardly fair to use John Bunyan ��1628´1688�� as an illustration 

of the influence of the English Bible on literature�察�because his chief work 

is composed so largely in the language of Scripture。 Pilgrim's Progress is 

the   most   widely   read   book   in   the   English   language   after   the   Bible。   Its 

phrases�察 �its   names�察 �its   matter   are   either   directly  or   indirectly  taken   from 

the   Bible。   It   has   given   us   a   long   list   of   phrases   which   are   part   of   our 

literary and religious capital。 Thackeray took the motto of one of his best´ 

known       books    from    the   Bible�察   �but  the   title�察 �Vanity    Fair�察  �comes     from 

Pilgrim's Progress。 When a discouraged man says he is ;in the slough of 



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despond�察─  �he   quotes   Bunyan�察  �and          when   a   popular   evangelist   tells      the 

people   that   the   burden   of   sin   will   roll   away   if   they   look   at   the   cross��

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