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study of the king james bible(杯咫ヾ淵将ゝ冩梢)-及4嫗

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manuscript copy of the Wiclif version to be sold for one hundred and fifty 



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or two hundred dollars�察�and Foxe�察�whose Book of Martyrs we used to read 

as   children�察  �tells   that   a   load   of   hay   was   given   for   the   use   of   a   New 

Testament one hour a day。 

     It   would   be   difficult   to   exaggerate   the   influence   of   this   gift   to   the 

English people。 It constitutes the standard of Middle English。 Chaucer and 

Wiclif stood side by side。 It is true that Chaucer himself accepted Wiclif's 

teaching�察�and some of the wise men think that the ;parson; of whom he 

speaks   so   finely   as   one   who   taught   the   lore   of   Christ   and   His   apostles 

twelve�察�but first followed it himself�察�was Wiclif。 But the version had far 

more than literary influence�察�it had tremendous power in keeping alive in 

England   that   spirit   of   free   inquiry   which   is   the   only   safeguard   of   free 

institutions。 Here was the entire source of the Christian faith available for 

the    judgment      of  common       men�察   �and    they   became      at  once    judges    of 

religious and political dogma。 Dr。 Ladd thinks it was not the reading of the 

Bible     which    produced      the  Reformation�察      �it  was   the   Reformation      itself 

which      procured     the   reading     of   the   Bible。��1�А   �But    Dr。   Rashdall     and 

Professor   Pollard   and   others   are   right   when   they   insist   that   the   English 

Reformation received less from Luther than from the secret reading of the 

Scripture over the whole country。 What we call the English spirit of free 

inquiry  was   fostered   and   developed   by  Wiclif   and   his   Lollards   with   the 

English Scripture in their hands。 Out of it has grown as out of no other one 

root the freedom of the English and American people。 

       ��1�А�What Is the Bible�殖察�p。 45。 

       This   work   of   Wiclif   deserves   the   time   we   have   given   it   because   it 

asserted a principle for the English people。 There was much yet to be done 

before entire freedom was gained。 At Oxford�察�in the Convocation of 1408�察�

it was solemnly voted�此 �We decree and ordain that no man hereafter by his 

own authority translate any text of the Scripture into English�察�or any other 

tongue�察�by way of a book�察�pamphlet�察�or other treatise�察�but that no man read 

any such book�察�pamphlet�察�or treatise now lately composed in the time of 

John Wiclif 。。。 until the said translation be approved by the orderly of the 

place。; But it was too late。 It is always too late to overtake a liberating idea 

once it gets free。 Tolstoi tells of Batenkoff�察�the Russian nihilist�察�that after 

he was seized and confined in his cell he was heard to laugh loudly�察�and�察�



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when they asked him the cause of his mirth�察�he said that he could not fail 

to be amused at the absurdity of the situation。 ;They have caught me�察─�he 

said�察 �and shut me up here�察�but my ideas are out yonder in the streets and 

in the fields�察�absolutely free。 They cannot overtake them。; It was already 

too   late�察  �twenty   years   after   Wiclif's   version   was   available�察  �to   stop   the 

English people in their search for religious truth。 

     In   the   century     just  after   the   Wiclif    translation�察   �two   great    events 

occurred   which   bore   heavily   on   the   spread   of   the   Bible。   One   was   the 

revival of learning�察�which made popular again the study of the classics and 

the classical languages。 Critical and exact Greek scholarship became again 

a possibility。 Remember that Wiclif did not know Greek nor Hebrew�察�did 

not    need   to   know    them   to   be   the   foremost     scholar    of  Oxford     in  the 

fourteenth century。 Even as late as 1502 there was no professor of Greek at 

the   proud   University   of   Erfurt   when   Luther   was   a   student   there。   It   was 

after   he   became   a   doctor   of   divinity   and   a   university   professor   that   he 

learned Greek in order to be a better Bible student�察�and his young friend 

Philip Melancthon was the first to teach Greek in the University。��1�А �But 

under the influence of Erasmus and his kind�察�with their new insistence on 

classical learning�察�there came necessarily a new appraisal of the Vulgate as 

a translation of the original Bible。 For a thousand years there had been no 

new   study   of   the   original   Bible   languages   in   Europe。   The   Latin   of   the 

Vulgate      had   become     as   sacred    as  the  Book     itself。  But   the   revival   of 

learning threw scholarship back on the sources of the text。 Erasmus   and 

others published versions of the Greek Testament which were disturbing to 

the Vulgate as a final version。 

       ��1�А�McGiffert�察�Martin Luther。 

       The   other   great   event   of   that   same   century   was   the   invention   of 

printing with movable type。 It was in 1455 that Gutenberg printed his first 

book�察�an edition of the Vulgate�察�now called the Mazarin Bible。 The bearing 

of    the   invention     on    the   spread     of   common       knowledge       is   beyond 

description。 It is rather late to be praising the art of printing�察�and we need 

spend little time doing so�察�but one can see instantly how it affected the use 

of   the   Bible。   It   made   it   worth   while   to   learn   to   readthere   would   be 

something to read。 It made it worth while to writethere would be some 



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one to read what was written。 

     One hundred years exactly after the death of Wiclif�察�William Tindale 

was born。 He was eight years old when Columbus discovered America。 He 

had   already   taken   a   degree   at   Oxford�察  �and   was   a   student   in   Cambridge 

when Luther posted his theses at Wittenburg。 Erasmus either was a teacher 

at   Cambridge   when   Tindale        was   a   student   there�察  �or   had   just   left。  Sir 

Thomas   More   and   Erasmus   were   close   friends�察  �and   More's   Utopia   and 

Erasmus's Greek New Testament appeared the same year�察�probably while 

Tindale was a student at Cambridge。 

     But   he   came   at   a   troubled   time。   The   new   learning   had   no   power   to 

deepen     or   strengthen   the   moral   life   of   the  people。   It   could   not  make 

religion a vital thing。 Morality and religion were far separated。 The priests 

and curates were densely ignorant。 We need not ask Tindale what was the 

condition。 Ask Bellarmine�察�a cardinal of the Church�此 �Some Years before 

the rise of the Lutheran heresy there was almost an entire abandonment of 

equity    in   ecclesiastical    judgments�察    �in  morals�察   �no  discipline�察   �in  sacred 

literature�察�no erudition�察�in divine things�察�no reverence�察�religion was almost 

extinct。; Or ask Erasmus�察�who never broke with the Church�此 �What man 

of real piety does not perceive with sighs that this is far the most corrupt 

of   all   ages�拭 �When   did   iniquity   abound   with   more   licentiousness�拭  �When 

was charity so cold�拭─�And�察�as a century before�察�Wiclif had felt the social 

need for a popular version of the Bible�察�so William Tindale felt it now。 He 

saw the need as great among the clergy of the time as among the laity。 In 

one of his writings he says�此 �If you will not let the layman have the word 

of God in his mother tongue�察�yet let the priests have it�察�which for the great 

part of them do understand no Latin at all�察�but sing and patter all day with 

the lips only that which the heart understandeth not。;��1�А�So bad was the 

case that it was 

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