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men propose�察�others oppose。 They are built on those lines。 

     We are more concerned with the men who made the versions�察�but we 

must think a moment of the others。 One of his contemporaries�察�Knighton�察�

may speak for all in his saying of Wiclif�察�that he had�察�to be sure�察�translated 

the   Gospel   into   the   Anglic   tongue�察  �but   that   it   had   thereby   been   made 

vulgar by him�察�and more open to the reading of laymen and women than it 

usually is to the knowledge of lettered and intelligent clergy�察�and ;thus the 

pearl is cast abroad and trodden under the feet of swine;�察�and�察�that we may 

not be in doubt who are the swine�察�he adds�此 �The jewel of the Church is 

turned into the common sport of the people。; 

     But two strong impulses drive thoughtful men to any effort that will 

secure   wide   knowledge   of   the   Bible。   One   is   their   love   of   the   Bible   and 

their belief in it�察�but the other�察�dominant then and now�察�is a sense of the 

need of their own time。 It cannot be too strongly urged that the two great 

pioneers   of   English   Bible   translation�察  �Wiclif   and   Tindale�察  �more   than   a 

century apart�察�were chiefly moved to their work by social conditions。 No 

one could read the literature of the times of which we are speaking without 

smiling at our assumption that we are the first who have cared for social 

needs。 We talk about the past as the age of the individual�察�and the present 

as the social age。 Our fathers�察�we say�察�cared only to be saved themselves�察�

and had no concern for the evils of society。 They believed in rescuing one 

here    and   another    there�察  �while    we   have    come    to  see   the   wisdom     of 

correcting   the  conditions   that   ruin   men�察 �and   so   saving   men   in   the   mass。 

There must be some basis of truth for that�察�since we say it so confidently�察�

but it can be much over´accented。 There were many of our fathers�察�and of 

our grandfathers�察�who were mightily concerned with the mass of people�察�

and looked as carefully as we do for a corrective of social evils。 Wiclif�察�in 

the late fourteenth century�察�and Tindale�察�in the early sixteenth�察�were two 

such   men。   The   first   English   translations   of   the   Bible   were   fruits   of   the 

social impulse。 

     Wiclif   was   impressed   with   the   chasm  that   was   growing   between   the 

church and the people�察�and felt that a wider and fuller knowledge of the 



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Bible would be helpful for the closing of the chasm。 It is a familiar remark 

of   Miss   Jane Addams   that   the   cure   for   the   evils   of   democracy   is   more 

democracy。 Wiclif believed that the cure for the evils of religion is more 

religion�察�more intelligent religion。 He found a considerable feeling that the 

best things in religion ought to be kept from most people�察�since they could 

not be trusted to understand them。 His own feeling was that the best things 

in religion are exactly the things most people ought to know most about�察�

that people had better handle the Bible carelessly�察�mistakenly�察�than be shut 

out from it by any means whatever。 We owe the first English translation to 

a faith that the Bible is a book of emancipation for the mind and for the 

political life。 

     John Wiclif   himself   was   a   scholar   of   Oxford�察  �master   of   that   famous 

Balliol College which has had such a list of distinguished masters。 He was 

an    adviser    of  Edward      III。  Twenty     years    after  his   death   a   younger 

contemporary ��W。 Thorpe�� said that ;he was considered by many to be the 

most holy of all the men of his age。 He was of emaciated frame�察�spare�察�and 

well    nigh    destitute   of  strength。    He    was   absolutely     blameless     in  his 

conduct。; And even that same Knighton who accused him of casting the 

Church's      pearl   before   swine    says   that  in  philosophy      ;he   came    to  be 

reckoned inferior to none of his time。; 

     But it was not at Oxford that he came to know common life so well 

and   to   sense   the   need   for   a   new   social   influence。   He   came   nearer   to   it 

when he was rector of the parish at Lutterworth。 As scholar and rector he 

set going the two great movements which leave his name in history。 One 

was his securing�察�training�察�and sending out a band of itinerant preachers or 

;poor priests; to gather the people in fields and byways and to preach the 

simple truths of the Christian religion。 They were unpaid�察�and lived by the 

kindness of the common people。 They came to be called Lollards�察�though 

the origin of the name is obscure。 Their followers received the same name。 

A few years after Wiclif's death an enemy bitterly observed that if you met 

any two men one was sure to be a Lollard。 It was the ;first time in English 

history    that   an   appeal    had   been    made    to  the   people    instead    of  the 

scholars。; Religion was to be made rather a matter of practical life than of 

dogma or of ritual。 The ;poor priests; in their cheap brown robes became a 



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mighty religious force�察�and evoked opposition from the Church powers。 A 

generation after Wiclif's death they had become a mighty political force in 

the   controversy   between   the   King   and   the   Pope。   As   late   as   1521   five 

hundred      Lollards     were    arrested    in  London      by   the   bishop。��1�А    �Wiclif's 

purpose�察  �however�察  �was   to   reach   and   help   the   common   people   with   the 

simpler�察�and therefore the most fundamental�察�truths of religion。 

        ��1�А�Muir�察�Our Grand Old Bible�察�p。 14。 

       The other movement which marks Wiclif's name concerns us more�察�

but it was connected with the first。 He set out to give the common people 

the full text of the Bible for their common use�察�and to encourage them not 

only in reading it�察�if already they could read�察�but in learning to read that 

they might read it。 Tennyson compares the village of Lutterworth to that of 

Bethlehem�察  �on   the   ground   that   if   Christ�察  �the   Word   of   God�察  �was   born   at 

Bethlehem�察       �the  Word     of   Life   was    born   again    at  Lutterworth。��1�А      �The 

translation   was   from   the   Vulgate�察  �and   Wiclif   probably   did   little   of   the 

actual   work himself�察  �yet   it   is   all   his   work。 And   in 1382�察  �more   than   five 

centuries   ago�察  �there   appeared   the   first   complete   English   version   of   the 

Bible。 Wiclif made it the people's Book�察�and the English people were the 

first   of   the   modern   nations   to   whom   the   Bible   as   a   whole   was   given   in 

their own familiar tongue。 Once it got into their hands they have never let 

it be taken entirely away。 

        ��1�А �Not least art thou�察�thou little Bethlehem                In Judah�察�for in thee 

the Lord was born�察         �Nor thou in Britain�察�little Lutterworth�察            �Least�察�for in 

thee    the   word    was    born    again。;                                       Sir    John 

Oldcastle。 

        Of course�察�all this was before the days of printing�察�and copies were 

made by hand only。 Yet there were very many of them。 One hundred and 

fifty manuscripts�察�in whole or in part�察�are extant still�察�a score of them of 

the original version�察�the others of the revision at once undertaken by John 

Purvey�察�Wiclif's disciple。 The copies belonging to Edward VI。 and Queen 

Elizabeth   are   both   still   in   existence�察  �and   both   show   much   use。   Twenty 

years   after   it   was   completed   copies   were   counted   very  valuable�察  �though 

they   were   very   numerous。   It   was   not   uncommon   for   a   single   complete 

manuscript copy of 

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