study of the king james bible(杯咫ヾ淵将ゝ冩梢)-及3嫗
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!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��
men propose�察�others oppose。 They are built on those lines。
We are more concerned with the men who made the versions�察�but we
must think a moment of the others。 One of his contemporaries�察�Knighton�察�
may speak for all in his saying of Wiclif�察�that he had�察�to be sure�察�translated
the Gospel into the Anglic tongue�察 �but that it had thereby been made
vulgar by him�察�and more open to the reading of laymen and women than it
usually is to the knowledge of lettered and intelligent clergy�察�and ;thus the
pearl is cast abroad and trodden under the feet of swine;�察�and�察�that we may
not be in doubt who are the swine�察�he adds�此 �The jewel of the Church is
turned into the common sport of the people。;
But two strong impulses drive thoughtful men to any effort that will
secure wide knowledge of the Bible。 One is their love of the Bible and
their belief in it�察�but the other�察�dominant then and now�察�is a sense of the
need of their own time。 It cannot be too strongly urged that the two great
pioneers of English Bible translation�察 �Wiclif and Tindale�察 �more than a
century apart�察�were chiefly moved to their work by social conditions。 No
one could read the literature of the times of which we are speaking without
smiling at our assumption that we are the first who have cared for social
needs。 We talk about the past as the age of the individual�察�and the present
as the social age。 Our fathers�察�we say�察�cared only to be saved themselves�察�
and had no concern for the evils of society。 They believed in rescuing one
here and another there�察 �while we have come to see the wisdom of
correcting the conditions that ruin men�察 �and so saving men in the mass。
There must be some basis of truth for that�察�since we say it so confidently�察�
but it can be much over´accented。 There were many of our fathers�察�and of
our grandfathers�察�who were mightily concerned with the mass of people�察�
and looked as carefully as we do for a corrective of social evils。 Wiclif�察�in
the late fourteenth century�察�and Tindale�察�in the early sixteenth�察�were two
such men。 The first English translations of the Bible were fruits of the
social impulse。
Wiclif was impressed with the chasm that was growing between the
church and the people�察�and felt that a wider and fuller knowledge of the
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Bible would be helpful for the closing of the chasm。 It is a familiar remark
of Miss Jane Addams that the cure for the evils of democracy is more
democracy。 Wiclif believed that the cure for the evils of religion is more
religion�察�more intelligent religion。 He found a considerable feeling that the
best things in religion ought to be kept from most people�察�since they could
not be trusted to understand them。 His own feeling was that the best things
in religion are exactly the things most people ought to know most about�察�
that people had better handle the Bible carelessly�察�mistakenly�察�than be shut
out from it by any means whatever。 We owe the first English translation to
a faith that the Bible is a book of emancipation for the mind and for the
political life。
John Wiclif himself was a scholar of Oxford�察 �master of that famous
Balliol College which has had such a list of distinguished masters。 He was
an adviser of Edward III。 Twenty years after his death a younger
contemporary ��W。 Thorpe�� said that ;he was considered by many to be the
most holy of all the men of his age。 He was of emaciated frame�察�spare�察�and
well nigh destitute of strength。 He was absolutely blameless in his
conduct。; And even that same Knighton who accused him of casting the
Church's pearl before swine says that in philosophy ;he came to be
reckoned inferior to none of his time。;
But it was not at Oxford that he came to know common life so well
and to sense the need for a new social influence。 He came nearer to it
when he was rector of the parish at Lutterworth。 As scholar and rector he
set going the two great movements which leave his name in history。 One
was his securing�察�training�察�and sending out a band of itinerant preachers or
;poor priests; to gather the people in fields and byways and to preach the
simple truths of the Christian religion。 They were unpaid�察�and lived by the
kindness of the common people。 They came to be called Lollards�察�though
the origin of the name is obscure。 Their followers received the same name。
A few years after Wiclif's death an enemy bitterly observed that if you met
any two men one was sure to be a Lollard。 It was the ;first time in English
history that an appeal had been made to the people instead of the
scholars。; Religion was to be made rather a matter of practical life than of
dogma or of ritual。 The ;poor priests; in their cheap brown robes became a
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mighty religious force�察�and evoked opposition from the Church powers。 A
generation after Wiclif's death they had become a mighty political force in
the controversy between the King and the Pope。 As late as 1521 five
hundred Lollards were arrested in London by the bishop。��1�А �Wiclif's
purpose�察 �however�察 �was to reach and help the common people with the
simpler�察�and therefore the most fundamental�察�truths of religion。
��1�А�Muir�察�Our Grand Old Bible�察�p。 14。
The other movement which marks Wiclif's name concerns us more�察�
but it was connected with the first。 He set out to give the common people
the full text of the Bible for their common use�察�and to encourage them not
only in reading it�察�if already they could read�察�but in learning to read that
they might read it。 Tennyson compares the village of Lutterworth to that of
Bethlehem�察 �on the ground that if Christ�察 �the Word of God�察 �was born at
Bethlehem�察 �the Word of Life was born again at Lutterworth。��1�А �The
translation was from the Vulgate�察 �and Wiclif probably did little of the
actual work himself�察 �yet it is all his work。 And in 1382�察 �more than five
centuries ago�察 �there appeared the first complete English version of the
Bible。 Wiclif made it the people's Book�察�and the English people were the
first of the modern nations to whom the Bible as a whole was given in
their own familiar tongue。 Once it got into their hands they have never let
it be taken entirely away。
��1�А �Not least art thou�察�thou little Bethlehem In Judah�察�for in thee
the Lord was born�察 �Nor thou in Britain�察�little Lutterworth�察 �Least�察�for in
thee the word was born again。; Sir John
Oldcastle。
Of course�察�all this was before the days of printing�察�and copies were
made by hand only。 Yet there were very many of them。 One hundred and
fifty manuscripts�察�in whole or in part�察�are extant still�察�a score of them of
the original version�察�the others of the revision at once undertaken by John
Purvey�察�Wiclif's disciple。 The copies belonging to Edward VI。 and Queen
Elizabeth are both still in existence�察 �and both show much use。 Twenty
years after it was completed copies were counted very valuable�察 �though
they were very numerous。 It was not uncommon for a single complete
manuscript copy of