贝壳电子书 > 网络杂集电子书 > 心理学与生活 >

第114章

心理学与生活-第114章

小说: 心理学与生活 字数: 每页4000字

按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页,按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页,按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部!
————未阅读完?加入书签已便下次继续阅读!



phallocentrism in favor of gynocentrism 
4。 Heinz Kohut emphasized the self; and founded the object relations 
school of psychodynamics 
III。 Behavior Therapies 
A。 Behavior therapy and behavior modification both refer to the systematic use of principles 
of learning to increase the frequency of desired behaviors and/or decrease that of problem 
behaviors 
B。 Counterconditioning 
1。 A new response is conditioned to replace or “counter” a maladaptive 
response 
2。 Systematic Desensitization and Other Exposure Therapies 
a) Joseph Wolpe’s theory of reciprocal inhibition states that the 
nervous system cannot be relaxed and agitated 
simultaneously。 

b) Systematic desensitization: A behavioral therapy technique in 
which a client is taught to prevent the arousal of anxiety by 
confronting the feared stimulus while relaxed。 
Desensitization therapy involves three major steps: 

(i) Identification of anxiety…provoking stimuli; and 
arranging them hierarchically; from weakest to 
strongest 
(ii) Training in progressive deep…muscle relaxation 
(iii) Actual process of desensitization; the progressive 
imagining of stimuli; from weakest to strongest 
c) Implosion therapy: the opposite of desensitization。 Client is 
exposed immediately to the most frightening stimuli at the 
top of his or her anxiety hierarchy; but in a safe setting 

d) Flooding: similar to implosion; but involves clients being 
placed in the phobic situation 

3。 Aversion therapy uses counterconditioning to pair stimuli with strong 
noxious stimuli 
319 


PSYCHOLOGY AND LIFE 

C。 Contingency Management 
1。 Relies on operant conditioning principles pioneered by B。 F。 Skinner 
2。 Refers to the general treatment strategy of changing behavior by 
modifying its consequences。 Major techniques are: 
a) Positive reinforcement strategies 

(i) Token economies 
(ii) Shaping 
(iii) Behavioral contracts 
b) Extinction strategies are useful when dysfunctional 
behaviors have been maintained by unrecognized 
reinforcing circumstances 

D。 Social…Learning Therapy 
1。 Social…learning therapy is designed to modify problematic behavior 
patterns by arranging conditions in which the client will observe 
models being reinforced for a desirable form of responding。 
2。 Two aspects of this approach include imitation of models and social 
skills training 
a) Imitation of models: Individuals acquire responses through 
observation of others (models) 

b) Social…skills training: Training individuals with inadequate 
social skills to be more effective using behavioral rehearsal 

E。 Generalization Techniques 
1。 Do clients use new behavior patterns generated in the therapeutic 
setting in everyday situations? 
2。 Generalization techniques attempt to increase similarity of target 
behaviors; reinforcers; models; and stimulus demands between 
therapy and real…life settings 
IV。 Cognitive Therapies 
A。 Cognitive Therapies attempt to change problem feelings and behaviors by changing the 
way the client thinks about significant life experiences 
B。 Cognitive Behavior Modification 
1。 Approach bines cognitive emphasis on the role of thoughts and 
attitudes influencing motivations and response with behaviorist 
focus on changing performance through reinforcement contingencies 
2。 Unacceptable behavior patterns are modified by cognitive 
restructuring 
3。 Critical aspect is discovery by therapist and client of how the client 
thinks about and expresses the problem for which therapy is sought 
320 


CHAPTER 16: THERAPIES FOR PERSONAL CHANGE 

C。 Changing False Beliefs 
1。 Some cognitive therapists argue that many psychological problems 
arise as a function of how people think about themselves relative to 
other people and the events they face。 Faulty thinking can be based 
on: 
a) Unreasonable attitudes 

b) False premises 

c) Rigid rules that put behavior on “autopilot” 

2。 Cognitive Therapy for Depression 
a) The therapist helps the client to identify his or her irrational 
ways of thinking and to learn more realistic ways to 
formulate personal experiences 

b) Four tactics used to change the cognitive foundation that 
supports the depression: 

(i) Challenging basic assumptions about his or her 
functioning 
(ii) Evaluating evidence the client has for and against 
accuracy of automatic thoughts 
(iii) Reattributing blame to situational factors rather than 
client’s inpetence 
(iv) Discussing alternative solutions to plex tasks 
that could otherwise lead to experiences of failure 
3。 Rational…Emotive Therapy (RET): A prehensive system of 
personality change based on transformation of irrational beliefs that 
cause undesirable emotional reactions 
a) RET teaches clients to recognize “shoulds;” “oughts;” and 
“musts” that are controlling their actions and preventing 
them from choosing the lives they want 

b) RET’s goal is to increase sense of self…worth and potential for 
self…actualization 

V。Existential…Humanistic Therapies 
A。 Background 
1。 Existential crises include problems in everyday living; lack of 
meaningful human relationships; and absence of goals or purpose 
2。 Existential…humanistic philosophy gave rise to the human…potential 
movement; which enpassed practices and methods enhancing the 
potential of the average human being toward greater levels of 
performance and greater richness of experience 
B。 Client…Centered Therapy 
1。 Primary goal is to promote healthy psychological growth of the 
individual 
2。 Assumption: All people share the tendency to self…actualize; to reach 
their potential 
321 


PSYCHOLOGY AND LIFE 

3。 Incongruence: a conflict between naturally positive self…image and 
negative external criticism。 Creates anxiety; unhappiness; and low 
self…worth 
4。 Therapeutic strategy: To recognize; accept; and clarify client’s feelings 
in an atmosphere of unconditional positive regard; nonjudgmental 
acceptance and respect for the client。 
C。 Gestalt Therapy 
1。 Focus on uniting of mind and body to make the person whole 
2。 Goal of self…awareness by helping clients express pent…up feelings 
and unfinished business from past conflicts 
VI。 Group Therapies: 
A。 Marital and Family Therapy 
1。 Couples counseling seeks clarity in munication between partners; 
and works to improve the quality of interaction。 It is more effective 
in resolution of marital problems than individual therapy for only 
one partner 
2。 Family therapy client is the entire nuclear family; with each member 
treated as a member of a system of relationships 
a) Focus is on altering psychological space between people 

b) The interpersonal dynamics of people acting as a unit 

c) Most family therapists assume problems brought to therapy 
to represent situational difficulties; rather than dispositional 
aspects of individuals 

d) Job of family therapist is understanding the structure of the 
family and the forces acting on it 

B。 munity Support Groups 
1。 Self…help groups help many people obtain psychological support in 
the munity setting 
2。 Address four basic problem areas: 
a) Addictive behavior 
b) Physical and mental disorders 
c) Life transition or other crises 
d) Trauma of family and friends of those with specific 
problems 

VII。 Biomedical Therapies 
A。 Psychosurgery and Electroconvulsive Therapy 
1。 Psychosurgery is the general term for surgical procedures performed 
on brain tissue to alleviate psychological disorders; with the 
prefrontal lobotomy being best known 
322 


CHAPTER 16: THERAPIES FOR PERSONAL CHANGE 

2。 Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) is the use of electroconvulsive shock 
to treat psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia; mania; and; 
most often; severe depression 
a) ECT is successful in treatment of severe depression。 It works 
quickly。 

b) Potentially negative effects of ECT include temporary 
disorientation and memory deficits 

B。 Drug Therapy 
1。 Psychopharmacology: the branch of psychology investigating the 
effects of drugs on behavior 
2。 The three major categories of drugs used today are: 
a) Antipsychotics alter symptoms of schizophrenia。 Examples 
inc

返回目录 上一页 下一页 回到顶部 0 0

你可能喜欢的