心理学与生活-第131章
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field of social psychology； and is an excellent reference for both biographical and historical
material。
Lewin； K。 （1951）。 Field Theory in Social Science： Selected Theoretical Papers。 Edited by Dorwin
Cartwright。 New York： Harpers。 A classic text by the founder of the discipline of social
psychology。
Markus； H。； & Kitayama； S。 （1991）。 Culture and the Self。 Implications for Cognition； Emotion； and
Motivation。 Psychological Review； 98（2）； 224…253。 Explores the possibility that concepts of “self’
may differ cross…culturally。 Presents research that suggests that Asia cultures foster an
“interdependent’ conception of self； while Western cultures foster an “independent”
conception of self
Milgram； S。 （1974）。 Obedience to Authority。 New York： Harper & Row。 Milgram presents his ideas
on the topic of obedience and describes his famous research involving the shocking machine。
Reber； A。 S。 （1985）。 The Penguin Dictionary of Psychology。 London： The Penguin Group。 A concise；
cogent dictionary of even the most obscure psychological terms。
Ross； L。； & Nisbett； R。 （1991）。 The Person and the Situation： Perspectives of Social Psychology。 New
York： McGraw…Hill。 An excellent summary and review of the field of social psychology by
two leading researchers。 Presents the plex and often contradictory findings of social
psychology in a manner easily understood by all。
Spiegel； D。； Bloom； J。； Kraemer； H。； & Gottheil； E。 （1994）。 Effect of Psychosocial Treatment on Survival
of Patients with Metastatic Breast Cancer。 In Psychosocial Processes and Health： A Reader； 468…477。
Cambridge： Cambridge University Press。 Presents research that suggests participating in
social support groups can dramatically increase length of survival of women with metastatic
breast cancer。 Provides a dramatic example of how social factors can influence biological
ones。
Steele； C。 （1997）。 A Threat in the Air： How Stereotypes Shape Intellectual Identity and Performance。
American Psychologist； 52（6）； 613…629。 Introduces “stereotype threat’ and discusses its
influence on the performance of stereotyped individuals。 Stereotype threat is a phenomenon
in which the fear of confirming a stereotype leads to anxiety that actually causes the
fulfillment of the stereotype。 It is used to explain lower academic performance by stereotyped
group pared to nonstereotyped groups。
Tesser； A。 （1995）。 Advanced Social Psychology。 New York： McGraw…Hill。 An excellent introduction
to the field of social psychology。 Individual chapters are written by leading researchers in
different areas of social psychology。
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CHAPTER 18： SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY； SOCIETY； AND CULTURE
DISCOVERING PSYCHOLOGY
PROGRAM 17： SEX AND GENDER
Overview
The ways in which males and females are similar and different； and how sex roles reflect
social values and psychological knowledge。
Key Issues
How sex hormones affect gender behavior in rats； how the environment affects gender roles；
reasons for self…segregation by gender among preschool children； artificial limits imposed on
female gender roles； relationship between gender roles and depression； and how gender
stereotypes in advertisements affect behavior。
Demonstrations
Sex differences in the play behavior of baby rats。
Self…segregation by gender in a preschool。
Socialization differences in gender…appropriate behavior and dress。
Interviews
Developmental neuroscientist Michael Meaney studies why male rats are more apt to engage
in rough…and…tumble play； while female rats are consistently less aggressive and less
physical。
Eleanor Maccoby examines why children tend to socialize with other children of the same
sex。
Jean Block examines the differences in the socialization of male and female children and the
effects on their relationships with other children of the same and opposite sex。
PROGRAM 20： CONSTRUCTING SOCIAL REALITY
Overview
The factors that contribute to our interpretation of reality and how understanding the
psychological processes that govern our behavior may help us to bee more empathetic
and independent members of society。
Key Issues
Power of cognitive control； the Pygmalion effect； how teachers’ expectations affect children’s
test scores； the development of prejudice in a grammar school classroom； and the principle of
pliance as illustrated in television ads。
375
PSYCHOLOGY AND LIFE
Demonstrations
The self…fulfilling prophecy study； or the Pygmalion effect。
The principles of pliance illustrated with actual television advertisements。
Jane Elliot’s blue…eyed versus brown…eyed case study。
Students’ enhanced self…esteem and performance due to the jigsaw classroom。
New Interview
Steven Hassan looks at the ways cults use mind control methods to reshape people’s identity
and reconstruct the way they perceive reality。
Interviews
Grammar school teacher Jane Elliot divides her classroom into a superior blue…eyed group
and an inferior brown…eyed group to study the development and nature of prejudice。
Robert Rosenthal studies how teachers’ expectations can affect children’s test scores。
Elliot Aronson and Alex Gonzalez examine how cooperation rather than petition changes
the way students see themselves and their peers。
Robert Cialdini examines the principles of reciprocation； scarcity； authority； mitment；
liking； and consensus in marketing and advertising。
FILMS AND VIDEOS
The Candid Camera Classics for Social Psychology consists of 16 episodes that I selected； with
Allen Funt’s assistance； to dramatize many key social psychology topics； such as pliance；
conformity； obedience； social influence； authority； power； morality； and bias in field surveys。
Each of these creative gems is funny and entertaining； while teaching important messages about
human nature。 Since they vary in duration from 2 to 6 minutes； a given episode can be used to
launch a lecture as a thematic overview； to underscore a conclusion from a body of empirical
research； or to provide a source for opening a discussion of the behaviors that the class and the
instructor observed together。 The Candid Camera Classics e with an instructor’s guide （that I
prepared with Allen Funt） that will assist teachers in getting the most mileage from using them；
McGraw…Hill distributes this video （VHS） and a laser disk version。 For ordering information； call
1…800…338…3987。
Abilene Paradox （1984）。 VCFM； 27 minutes
A gently humorous exposition of social psychological concepts such as groupthink and
deindividuation。 Demonstrates how the cognitive processing of a well…intentioned； cooperating
group can go far astray from the individual views of the members。
Captive Minds： Hypnosis and Beyond （1985）。 JFMU； 55 minutes
Explains how long…term conditioning takes place； such as how the Moonies hold on to their
disciples； and how the Marine Corps generates such fierce loyalty。 The indoctrination methods of
disparate institutions are surprisingly similar。 Recruits are isolated in unfamiliar environments；
kept busy to the point of exhaustion； confused； frightened； and their sense of identity weakened。
Over time； they bee vulnerable to suggestion。 They then readily submit to a strong
authoritarian leader。 Reminds us that we are all vulnerable to psychological manipulations； some
of which have social and political consequences。
376
CHAPTER 18： SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY； SOCIETY； AND CULTURE
Conformity （1989）。 Insight Media； 30 minutes
This program examines the pros and cons of conforming behavior； looking at its dangers as well
as its utility in group decision making； classroom activities； and military regimentation。 It
introduces reasons for conformity and investigates some of the variables that predict who is
likely to conform。
377
PSYCHOLOGY AND LIFE
Conformity and Independence （1975）。 IU （MTI）； 23 minutes
Uses field and laboratory settings to look at social psychology’s main findings and principles in
the area of conformity and independence。 Includes Sherif s experiments on norm formation；
