心理学与生活-第147章
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in their homes； in person； and treated in one of three ways： （a） informed about a new effort to persuade the
city council to enact an ordinance prohibiting research and development of antipersonnel weapons in the
city limits （FAMILIARIZATION CONDITION）； （b） asked to sign a petition to the city council advocating
such an ordinance （SMALL REQUEST CONDITION）； （c） agree to sign a petition when approached to do so
later （AGREEMENT CONDITION）—Half the subjects in each of these three conditions will later be
approached and asked to invite their neighbors to a coffee meeting in their homes to generate support and
raise funds for this effort。 The other half will be approached and asked to hold a similar meeting to generate
support and raise funds for an effort to enact new pollution control ordinances。
The study therefore includes a control group that is merely contacted； a group that agrees to a small request；
and a group that actually carries out the small request。 Subjects from all three groups are then asked to carry
out major requests that are either related or unrelated to their previous experience。
Remarks： Events of the past few years have caused great concern among Americans about political
manipulation and mercial exploitation of the public。 In politics； “dirty tricks” has bee a household
phrase。 Advertising through the media is widely believed to influence consumer preferences。 We believe
that understanding of the subtle tactics political organizers and salespeople attempt to use can enable
private individuals to behave in a more independent fashion。 Our interest focuses on low…pressure
techniques precisely because many people are sensitized to high…pressure tactics and can presumably
defend themselves against those tactics to some extent。 Low…pressure tactics； on the other hand； may go
unrecognized by the target population and thus render them more susceptible to insidious influence
attempts。
PROPOSAL 3
Title： Obedience in Response to Authority
Department： Educational Psychology
Proposal： This study will replicate and extend research by Milgram and by Sheridan and King on the
conditions under which adults will administer painful or potentially lethal punishment to a victim in
obedience to the instructions of an authority figure。 Male and female subjects will be asked to serve as the
“teacher” in a study of the effects of punishment on learning。 A fluffy； attractive puppy in a cage with an
electrifiable grid floor will be presented as the learner attempting to learn to discriminate steady lights from
lights flickering at rates near the critical fusion frequency for dogs。 The subject’s task is to administer a series
of increasingly intense shocks to the puppy； increasing the shock level after each error。 The panel of
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switches on the shock generator will be marked to indicate a range of 15 to 450 volts； increasing in 15…volt
steps。
In fact； the shocks the puppy experiences will be restricted to levels insufficiently intense to produce tissue
damage。 For half the subjects of each sex； a small amount of anesthetic gas will be introduced into the dog’s
cage so that the animal appears to slump into unresponsiveness because of the shocks。
Dependent measures in this study will include： （a） the maximum shock administered by the subject； （b） the
duration of shocks administered； （c） subject’s verbal and expressive behavior during the experiment。
Remarks： History is tragically rich in examples of atrocities carried out by people whose principal
motivation is responsiveness to instructions issued by an authority figure。 Thus； ordinary German citizens
participated in the torture and massacre of Jews； American aviators dropped atomic bombs on Japanese
cities； and flesh…shredding antipersonnel weapons are currently being used in Indochina by technicians
whose remote control devices prevent them from even seeing the results of their actions。
It is vital that we understand the conditions under which people will and will not carry out instructions
leading to inhumane acts so that adequate legal and social safeguards against the abuse of authority may
be instituted without delay。 The subversion of the American political process revealed through the
Watergate investigations only highlights the urgency of research in this area。
The puppy victims will experience some distress in the course of each session。 While the investigators do
not consider an animal’s suffering something to be treated casually； it is felt that this research design is
patible with the traditional requirement that animal suffering be justified by the human benefits of the
resulting knowledge。 Variations on the design will include creating a “pliance hierarchy；” with a series
of subjects passing orders down the line to the final executor。
PROPOSAL 4
Title： Interpersonal Dynamics in a Simulated Prison
Department： Sociology
Proposal： The institution of prison is of special interest for social scientists because of the unique character of
the social relations and interactions that occur there。 Several years ago； research by Zimbardo and his
colleagues demonstrated that prison behavior could be scientifically studied under the control conditions of
a “simulated” laboratory environment。 They found that behavioral syndromes associated with prison life
（for example； guard brutality； prisoner disintegration） could be reliably elicited in an experimental milieu；
with little loss in the authenticity of reactions and within a relatively convenient time。
In our modest proposal； we will attempt to extend this early research in several crucial directions。
Generalization from the Zimbardo study to social behavior in real prisons is limited by the fact that it
employed normal； healthy； middle…class college students—precisely the kind of people least likely to enter a
real prison。 In our study we propose to utilize a subject population of lower class； preferably minority；
persons as prisoners； and a group of working…class white males as guard personnel。 In this way we will be
better able to draw inferences about the parameters which control the behavior in actual prison
populations。 In addition； our study will employ much larger groups of prisoners and guards than the 20
used in the original study； since it is only in this way that statistically reliable results may be obtained and
valid conclusions drawn about prison behavior。 Finally； we propose increasing the length of the study to
several months （depending on budgetary constraints） in order to investigate the more important effects of
long…term imprisonment； rather than simply short…term adjustment。 We will also study； in a second phase of
the research； whether female guards and prisoners act as the males do； and whether different types of
training of the guards yield more “positive” outes。
Because our simulated prison environment will be designed to maximize experimenter surveillance and
data collection； we are confident that all deleterious effects will be carefully monitored and recorded。
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Administrative Panel for Human Subjects PROTOCOL _____________
in Behavioral Science Research （Leave blank）
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sponsor： ________________
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Title of Research Proposal__________________
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to： _____________________________________
（Name & Agency if avail
