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13 


PSYCHOLOGY AND LIFE 

matter to observable behavior。 
19141918 
World War I was fought。 
1917 Wolfgang K。hler published The Mentality of Apes; a report of his research on the problem…solving 
abilities of non…human primates。 
1928 Ivan Pavlov published Lectures on Conditioned Reflexes; a survey of his research on classical 
conditioning。 
1938 B。 F。 Skinner published Behavior of Organism。 An Experimental Analysis; which outlined the basic 
principles of operant conditioning。 
19391945 
World War II was fought。 
1946 The American Psychological Association was reorganized to include practitioner psychologists as 
well as research psychologists。 
1950 William Estes published “Toward a Statistical Theory of Learning;” a classic paper outlining a 
mathematical approach to learning。 
1957 Noam Chomsky published Syntactic Structures; inaugurating an era of productive collaboration 
between psychologists and linguists。 Psycholinguistics soon became a flourishing field of 
psychology。 
1957 Herbert Simon published Administrative Behavior: A Study of Decision…Making Processes in 
Administrative Organizations; detailing the dynamics of decision…making under conditions of 
uncertainty。 
1962 David Hubel and Thorston Weisel published their research on how specific features of visual 
stimuli excite specific neurons in the visual cortex。 
1963 John F。 Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas。 
1981 Roger Sperry received the Nobel Prize for his pioneering work on the split…brain phenomenon。 

14 


CHAPTER 1: THE SCIENCE OF PSYCHOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE 

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READINGS 

American Psychologist; 47 (2); Special Edition: The History of American Psychology。 American Psychological 
Association; February 1992。 This entire volume is dedicated to the history of the discipline; with articles 
on James; Wundt; Lewin; Skinner; and the establishment of the discipline in the United States。 

Bordens; K。 S。; & Abbott; B。 B。 (1988)。 Research Design and Methods: A Process Approach。 Mountain View; CA: 
Mayfield。 Applies the research process to both theoretical and practical problems。 

Evans; R。 I。 (1980)。 The Making of Social Psychology。 New York: Gardner Press。 Interviews with some of the 
more influential figures in social psychology; including Philip Zimbardo; Albert Bandura; Stanley 
Milgram; and Gordon Allport。 

Hergenhahn; B。 R。 (1997)。 An Introduction to the History of Psychology; 3rd Edition。 Belmont; CA: Wadsworth 
Publishing。 A very thorough undergraduate text on the history of psychology; including its roots in 
classical thought and philosophy。 

Psychological Review; 101 (2); Special Issue: The Centennial Issue of the Psychological Review。 American 
Psychological Association; 1994。 Contains reprints of the most influential articles ever to appear in 
Psychological Review。 It is an invaluable archival document for all psychologists。 

Scarborough; E。; & Forumoto; L。 (1987)。 Untold Lives: The First Generation of Women Psychologists。 New York: 
Columbia University Press。 A pelling portrayal of the lives and contributions of early women 
psychologists。 

Schwartz; S。 (1986)。 Classic Studies in Psychology。 Palo Alto; CA: Mayfield。 Presentation of fifteen of the most 
significant studies in psychology in condensed but clear summaries。 

Van Doren; C。 (1991)。 A History of Knowledge。 The Pivotal Events; People; and Achievements of World History。 
New York: Ballantine Books。 An excellent review of the important ideas; events; and people throughout 
history; written by an ex…editor of Encyclopedia Britannica。 

DISCOVERING PSYCHOLOGY 

PROGRAM 1: PAST; PRESENT; AND PROMISE 
Overview 

An introduction to and an overview of psychology; touching on a range of issues from the origins of 
psychology as a science to psychopathology; from the biochemistry of the brain to applied research。 

Key Issues 

Public versus private behavior; the nature of prejudice; the P300 brain wave; the biology of racism; 
molecular versus molar levels of analysis; and the origins of psychology。 

Archival Demonstrations 

Demonstration of a client with Multiple Personality Disorder。
Candid Camera clip demonstrating the difference between public and private behavior。


Archival Interviews 

Emanuel Donchin examines the relationship between P300 brain waves and surprise。
Robert Rosenthal discusses body language。


New Interviews 

15 


PSYCHOLOGY AND LIFE 

Christine Ijima Hall considers the nature of prejudice。 

FILMS AND VIDEOS 

Career Encounters in Psychology (1991)。 American Psychological Association; 30 minutes 

Several psychologists from diverse subfields discuss their work and careers。 

Landmarks in Psychology 

Highlights the contributions of Freud; Jung; Adler; Pavlov; Sullivan; Homey; Maslow; Watson; and 

Skinner。 Using historical narrative and case study dramatizations; the interpersonal; behavioral; 

humanistic; and existential approaches to psychology are explored。 

CASE STUDY LECTURE LAUNCHER 

Case Study Lecture Enhancers originally appeared in Psychology and Life; 13th Edition as openings for 
each chapter。 They were subsequently omitted from the 14th edition to save space。 The best of them are 
included here; because both instructors and students expressed an interest in using them again。 This 
material is ideal for starting a lecture or for use as a major transition within a lecture。 

As the runners lined up to start the 1986 NCAA 10;000…meter championship; Kathy O。 was the odds…on 
favorite。 She had broken high school track records in three distances and recently set a new American 
collegiate record for the 10;000…meter race。 Her parents; who were always supportive fans; watched from the 
sidelines。 Kathy got off to a slow start; but was only a few paces behind the leaders。 Her fans knew she 
could soon catch up。 However; this time Kathy did not bolt to the lead as she had done before。 Instead; she 
veered away from the other runners。 Without breaking her stride; she ran off the track; scaled a 7…foot fence; 
raced down a side street; and jumped off a 50…foot bridge。 Ten minutes later; her coach found her on the 
concrete flood plain of the White River。 She had two broken ribs; a punctured lung; and was paralyzed from 
the waist down。 Not only would she never run again; she might never walk again。 

What happened to Kathy? Why did she quit the race and nearly self…destruct? As a star athlete and 
premedical student on the Dean’s list; she had everything going for her。 She had been valedictorian of her 
high school class。 Teachers and coaches described her as sweet; sensible; diligent; courteous; and religious。 
Nobody understood her behavior。 It did not make sense。 Kathy’s father thought the tragedy “had something 
to do with the pressure that is put on young people to succeed。” Teammates felt the pressure may have e 
from within Kathy herself “She was a perfectionist;” said one of them。 Determined to excel at everything; 
Kathy had studied relentlessly; even during team workouts。 

How did Kathy explain her actions? She told an interviewer that she was overe by the terrifying fear of 
failure as she began falling behind in the race。 “All of a sudden 。。。 I just felt like something snapped inside of 
me。” She felt angry and persecuted。 These negative reactions were new to Kathy; and made her feel as if she 
were someone else。 “I just wanted to run away;” she recalled。 “I don’t see how I climbed that fence。。。。 I just 
don’t feel like that person was me。 I know that sounds strange; but I was just out of control。。。。 I was 
watching everything that was happening and I couldn’t stop” (UPI; 12/22/86)。 

The case of Kathy O。 raises fascinating questions for psychology。 Personality; social; and developmental 
psychologists might ask how athletic ability; intelligence; parental support; petition; motivation to 
achieve; and personality traits bined to make Kathy a superstar in the first place。 Clinical psychologists 
would want to know why something snapped in Kathy at this race; why feelings of anger were so foreign to 
her; and why she felt persecuted。 Those who study the nature of co

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