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characteristic。 
1904 Charles Spearman published General Intelligence Objectively Determined and 
Measured; offering his view on general intelligence; or “g”。 
1905 Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon developed the first useful intelligence test。 
1917 The Bolshevik revolution occurred in Russia。 
19141918 
World War I was fought。 
1916 Lewis Terman; though not the first to do so; published an English translation of 
Binet’s test; Terman’s translation had the advantage of using the concept of the 
intelligence quotient (IQ)。 
1929 The Great Depression began in America。 
1938 Louis Thurstone published his monograph on the seven primary mental abilities。 
1939 David Wechsler published The Measurement of Adult Intelligence; introducing his 
family of intelligence tests。 Unlike the Stanford…Binet; Wechsler’s tests 
emphasized both verbal intelligence and performance。 
19391945 
World War II was fought。 
1969 Arthur Jensen published How Much Can We Boost IQ and Scholastic Achievement?; 
which argued that racial differences were inherited。 The article soon met with a 
barrage of criticisms charging that Jensen was a racist。 
1973 Richard Herrnstein published IQ in the Meritocracy; a controversial book stressing 
the societal consequences of differences in intelligence。 
1983 Howard Gardner published Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences; 
outlining a new theory of intelligence that emphasized athletic; musical; and 
interpersonal skills; as well as mental skills; in defining intelligence。 
1984 Robert Sternberg published Toward a Triarchic Theory of Intelligence; outlining a 
new theory of intelligence that stressed the multi…faceted nature of intelligence。 

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CHAPTER 10: INTELLIGENCE AND INTELLIGENCE ASSESSMENT 

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READINGS 

Gardner; H。 (1993)。 Multiple Intelligences: The Theory In Practice。 New York: Basicbooks。 An excellent 
overview of Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences。 

Hallahan; D。 P。; & Kauffman; J。 M。 (1982)。 Exceptional Children: Introduction to Special Education; (2nd 

Ed。)。 Englewood Cliffs; NJ: Prentice…Hall。 Among topics covered are definitions and 

classifications of mental retardation; causes of retardation; methods of measurement; and 

educational considerations。 

Herrnstein; R。; & Murray; C。 (1994)。 The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life。 

New York: Free Press。 A controversial text that suggests that differences in cognitive ability are 

polarizing America into a cognitive elite and a cognitive underclass。 Suggests that differences in 

IQ score among ethnic groups are partially genetic。 

Neisser; U。; Boodoo; G。; Bouchard; T。; Boykin; A。; Brody; N。; Ceci; S。; Halpern; D。; Loehlin; J。; Perloff; 

R。; Sternberg; R。; & Urbina; S。 (1996)。 Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns。 American Psychologist; 

51(2); 77–101。 An excellent resource on the concept of intelligence。 Presents findings of a task 

force established by the American Psychological Association to report on the issues of what is 

known and unknown about intelligence。 Significant conceptualizations of intelligence are 

reviewed; including the psychometric approach; theories of multiple forms of intelligence; 

cultural variations; theories of developmental progressions; and biological approaches。 

Plomin; R。; & Rende; R。 (1991)。 Human Behavioral Genetics。 Annual Review of Psychology; 42; 161–190。 
An excellent review and introduction to the field of human behavioral genetics。 

Rose; S。 A。; & Feldman; J。 F。 (1995)。 Prediction of IQ and Specific Cognitive Abilities at 11 Years from 

Infancy Measures。 Developmental Psychology; 31(4); 685–696。 Assessments at seven months and 1 

year may predict some cognitive abilities at ages 7 and 11。 

Rowe; D。 C。; Vazsonyi; A。 T。; & Flannery; D。 J。 (1995)。 Ethnic and Racial Similarity in Development 

Process: A Study of Academic Achievement。 Psychological Science; 6(1); 33–38。 Interesting research on 

the impact of family environment on results of academic achievement measures。 

Rushton; J。 P。 (1997)。 Race; IQ; and the APA Report on the Bell Curve。 American Psychologist; 52(l); 69– 

70。 ments on the APA Task Force findings about what is known and unknown about 
intelligence。 The author argues that the findings on the issue of race were in error。 The origins of 
racial differences in IQ need to be considered as fairly from the hereditarian perspective as from 
the environmentalist perspective。 Areas of omitted evidence are discussed; which; had they been 
added; would have bolstered the consistency of the East Asian…European…African IQ gradient。 
Sternberg; R。 J。 (1994)。 468 Factor…Analyzed Data Sets: What They Tell Us and Don’t Tell Us About 

Human Intelligence。 Psychological Science; 5(2); 63–65。 Presents a meta…analysis of 468 data sets; 

which had used a variety of analytic models and assessment instruments。 

Sternberg; R。; & Wagner; R。 (1989)。 Individual Differences in Practical Knowledge and Its Acquisitions。 In 

Learning and Individual Differences: Advances in Theory and Research。 New York: W。 H。 Freeman & 

Co; Publishers; 255–278。 Examines the distinctions between academic knowledge and practical 

knowledge; and discusses the nature and acquisition of practical knowledge; which is defined 

as knowledge; and demonstrates the importance of such knowledge for both academic and 

everyday life situations。 

179 


PSYCHOLOGY AND LIFE 

DISCOVERING PSYCHOLOGY 

PROGRAM 16: TESTING AND INTELLIGENCE 

Overview 

The field of psychological assessment and the efforts of psychologists and other professionals 

to assign values to different abilities; behaviors; and personalities。 

Key Issues 

Psychometrics; racial and cultural bias; intelligence and aptitude tests; the problems with IQ 

testing; seven kinds of intelligence; and limitations in testing practical intelligence。 

Demonstrations 

Racial bias in intelligence and aptitude tests。 

Philip Zimbardo examines new tests that propose multiple factors and aspects of intelligence。 

Archival Interview 

Psychologist William Curtis Banks examines the misuse of intelligence and aptitude testing。 

FILMS AND VIDEOS 

Eye of the Storm (1971)。 Xerox Film; 29 minutes 

A now classic demonstration of minimal cue differences in creating discrimination by Jane Elliott; a 
grade…school teacher in Riceville; Iowa。 Arbitrarily designating “blue” and later “brown” eyes as 
superior generated remarkable effects on her students。 A classic study; well presented。 

Generation Upon Generation (1974)。 TLF; 52 minutes 

Examines the plex code of human inheritance—from the experiments of pioneer geneticist 
Gregor Mendel to the discoveries of today’s sophisticated laboratories。 From The Ascent of Man 
series。 Good science; but somewhat tedious。 

Intelligence (1990)。 Insight Media; 30 minutes 

Graphically demonstrates the differences between the intellectually gifted and the developmentally 
delayed individual。 Discusses the difficulty in defining intelligence and explains what intelligence 
tests are designed to measure。 Describes the origins of IQ tests and presents the argument as to 
whether the tests measure aptitude or achievement。 Addresses the question of whether intelligence 
is changeable or fixed。 

IQ Testing and the School (1991)。 Insight Media; 60 minutes 

Examines the different tests devised to measure intelligence and achievement; focusing on the 
WISC…R; and the issues of reliability and validity。 Also explores other factors affecting school 
achievement; such as teacher expectations; teaching styles; and class structure。 Shows how 
students at all levels of ability benefit from a cooperative learning environment。 Discusses the needs 
of gifted and developmentally delayed children。 

Nature/Nurture (1986)。 NCAU (FFHS); 52 minutes 

Looks at different influences on human behavior and how some characteristics are inherited and 
others are acquired。 Examines a study of identical twins separated at birth to answer questions 

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CHAPTER 10: INTELLIGENCE AND INTELLIGENCE ASSESSMENT 

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