心理学与生活-第71章

按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页，按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页，按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部！
————未阅读完？加入书签已便下次继续阅读！



180　


CHAPTER　10：　INTELLIGENCE　AND　INTELLIGENCE　ASSESSMENT　

about　nature　versus　nurture。　Illustrates　that　knowing　what　is　genetic；　chemical；　or　voluntary　in　
behavior　helps　people　adapt　the　environment　to　themselves　and　themselves　to　the　environment。　
From　the　Human　Animal　series；　hosted　by　Phil　Donahue。　

Race；　Intelligence；　and　Education　（1974）。　TLF；　53　minutes　

Introduces　Dr。　H。　J。　Eysenck；　advocate　of　the　theory　that　heredity　influences　intelligence　more　than　
environment　does。　Presents　six　other　scientists　who　discuss　their　controversial　ideas　as　well　as　the　
theories　of　other　American　psychologists　and　sociologists。　Great　for　stimulating　classroom　
discussion　

They　Call　Me　Names　（1972）。　EMC　UC；　20　minutes　

This　film　examines　how　the　“inferior”　stereotype　of　the　mentally　or　developmentally　delayed　
individual　affects　their　lives。　The　film　also　provides　a　glimpse　of　the　techniques　used　in　providing　
suitable　living　environments　for　the　mentally　impaired；　going　beyond　custodial　care。　

CASE　STUDY　LECTURE　LAUNCHER　

At　the　age　of　37；　Esquire　columnist　Bob　Greene　started　to　suspect　that　he　was　dumber　than　he　had　
been　in　high　school。　At　17；　he　had　been　able　to　add；　subtract；　and　multiply　without　using　a　
calculator。　Twenty　years　later；　those　skills　seemed　to　have　disappeared。　To　see　if　he　could　still　make　
the　grade；　Greene　decided　to　retake　the　Scholastic　Aptitude　Test　（SAT）；　the　three…hour　examination　
of　verbal　and　mathematical　abilities　that　many　colleges　use　to　select　students　for　admission。　Greene　
sent　in　his　11；　and　on　the　designated　Saturday　morning；　he　showed　up　at　his　local　high　school　
with　six　sharpened　no。　2　pencils　in　his　pocket。　After　one　hour；　“all　of　us　looked　dazed；　unhappy；　
and　disoriented；　although　I　believe　that　I　was　the　only　student　to　go　to　the　water　fountain　and　take　
an　Inderal　for　his　blood　pressure”　（Greene；　1985）。　

The　SAT　was　designed　as　a　standardized　measure　of　high　school　students’　academic　performance。　
Admissions　officers　had　difficulty　interpreting　grade…point　averages　from　thousands　of　high　
schools　with　different　standards　and　grading　policies。　Although　the　tests　were　designed　as　
objective　evaluations；　they　have　been　accused　of　bias；　and；　despite　many　revisions　over　the　years；　it　
has　been　difficult　to　quell　those　accusations。　Across　all　ethnic　groups；　average　SAT　scores　increase　
as　family　ine　goes　up。　Whites　and　Asian　Americans　consistently　outperform　Mexican　
Americans；　Puerto　Ricans；　and　African　Americans　（Hacker；　1986）。　Men；　on　the　average；　score　
higher　than　women　do　（Gordon；　1990）。　

However；　the　SAT　is　changing。　Consider　the　question　of　calculators。　When　the　SAT　was　introduced　
in　1941；　pocket　calculators　did　not　exist。　When　Greene　took　the　test　for　the　second　time；　the　proctor　
instructed　that　“Calculators　or　calculator　watches　may　not　be　used。”　

When　Greene’s　test　results　finally　arrived　in　the　mail；　his　hands　were　shaking。　He　felt　ridiculous。　
After　all；　he　already　had　a　college　degree　and　a　successful　career。　Nevertheless；　he　nervously　ripped　
open　the　envelope。　Not　surprisingly　for　a　writer；　Greene’s　verbal　score　had　gone　up　56　points。　In　
math；　over　the　two　decades；　his　score　had　nose…dived　by　200　points。　Just　as　it　is　difficult　to　know　
why　some　groups　perform　better　than　others　on　the　SAT；　it　is　impossible　to　know　for　sure　why　Bob　
Greene’s　math　score　plummeted。　Wasn’t　the　test　supposed　to　measure　his　basic　aptitude　for　math—　
what　he　understood　and　not　just　what　he　had　learned？　Had　his　math　aptitude　decreased　because　
in　his　work　he　does　not　often　use　the　math　skills　that　he　once　practiced　regularly　in　high　school？　
Would　he　have　improved　his　score　if　he　had　signed　up　for　a　course　that　prepared　him　in　advance　
for　the　test？　Had　he　just　been　watching　too　much　TV？　

181　


CHAPTER　11　
Human　Development　across　the　Life　Span　

LEARNING　OBJECTIVES　

On　pletion　of　this　chapter；　students　should　be　able　to：　

1。　Describe　the　significance　and　characteristics　of　the　pubescent　growth　spurt　
2。　Explain　the　physical　and　psychological　changes　that　occur　during　the　adult　years　
3。　Describe　Piaget’s　stages　of　cognitive　development　and　discuss　their　significance　
4。　Define　the　concept　of　critical　periods　and　explain　its　significance　to　development　
5。　Describe　Erikson’s　stages　of　psychosocial　development　
6。　ment　on　the　importance　and　influence　of　culture　to　development　
7。　Identify　Kohlberg’s　stages　of　moral　reasoning　
8。　Describe　the　importance　of　attachment　styles　and　the　problems　experienced　by　those　
without　secure　attachments　
9。　Describe　the　influence　of　gender　roles　and　gender　identity　on　development　
10。　Describe　the　developmental　tasks　and　challenges　of　adulthood　
CHAPTER　OUTLINE　

I。　Studying　and　Explaining　Development　
A。　Developmental　psychology　is　the　area　of　psychology　that　is　concerned　with　changes　in　
physical　and　psychological　functioning　that　occur　from　conception　across　the　entire　life　
span　
B。　Documenting　Development　
1。　Documenting　development　requires　learning　to　differentiate　between　
research　that　documents　age　changes　and　research　that　documents　
age　differences　
a）　Age　change　documents　the　ways　in　which　individuals　change　
as　they　grow　older　

b）　Age　differences　document　the　ways　in　which　individuals　of　
different　ages　differ　from　one　another　

2。　Normative　investigations　seek　to　describe　characteristics　of　a　specific　
age　or　stage　of　development；　providing　norms　based　on　observations　
of　many　individuals；　such　research　efforts　permit　distinctions　to　be　
made　between：　
a）　Chronological　age：　The　number　of　months　or　years　since　birth　

b）　Developmental　age：　The　chronological　age　at　which　most　

182　


CHAPTER　11：　HUMAN　DEVELOPMENT　ACROSS　THE　LIFE　SPAN　

individuals　display　the　particular　level　of　physical　and　

mental　development　demonstrated　by　that　individual　

3。　Norms　permit　a　standardized　basis　（such　as　the　Bayley　Scales　in　the　
text）　for　parisons　between　individuals　and　between　groups　
4。　Research　designs　
a）　Longitudinal　designs　make　repeated　observations　of　the　same　
individuals；　over　an　extended　period　of　time　

b）　Cross…sectional　designs　（includes　most　developmental　research）　
observe　and　pare　groups　of　individuals　of　different　
chronological　ages；　at　the　same　time　

c）　Sequential　designs　bine　the　best　features　of　both　
longitudinal　and　cross…sectional　designs；　by　studying；　over　
time；　individuals　from　different　birth　cohorts　

C。　Explaining　Development　
1。　Explaining　shared　aspects　of　development　requires　consideration　of　
both　universal　aspects　of　change　and　the　unique　aspects　of　change　
that　characterize　each　individual　
2。　The　nature—nurture　contrast　is　most　often　applied　to　the　childhood　
aspects　of　change　by　asking　such　questions　as：　
a）　To　what　extent　is　development　determined　by　heredity　
（nature）？　

b）　To　what　extent　is　development　a　product　of　learned　
experiences　（nurture）？　

3。　John　Locke　proposed　empiricism；　a　nurture　perspective　that　credits　
human　development　to　experience　
4。　Jean…Jacques　Rousseau　proposed　a　nativist　view；　that　the　evolutionary　
legacy　each　individual　brings　into　the　world　is　the　mold　that　shapes　
development　
5。　Locke’s　and　Rousseau’s　respective　positions　fail　to　do　justice　to　
human　behavior；　because　plex　actions　are　shaped　by　both　
heredity　and　experience　
a）　Heredity　provides　potential　

b）　Experience　determines　the　manner　in　which　potential　is　（or　is　
not）　fulfilled　

II。Physical　Development　across　the　Life　Span　
A。　Physical　Development　refers　to　an　organism’s　changes；　maturation；　and　growth　from　
conception　and　continuing　across　the　life　span　
B。　Prenatal　and　Childhood　Development　
1。　Physical　Development　in　the　Womb　
183　


PSYCHOLOGY　AND　LIFE　

a）　A　zygote　is　formed　when　a　male’s　sperm　cell　fertilizes　a　
female’s　egg　

b）　Earliest　behavior；　the　heartbeat；　appears　during　prenatal　
period；　about　3　weeks　after　conception　

c）　Spontaneous　movements　observed　by　week　8　

d）　After　week　8；　the　developing　embryo　is　referred　to　as　a　fetus　

e）　Mother　feels　fetal　movements　at　about　week　16　

f）　Prenatal　brain　growth　generate