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CHAPTER¡¡12¡¡
Motivation¡¡

LEARNING¡¡OBJECTIVES¡¡

On¡¡pletion¡¡of¡¡this¡¡chapter£»¡¡students¡¡should¡¡be¡¡able¡¡to£º¡¡

1¡£¡¡Describe¡¡the¡¡five¡¡functions¡¡of¡¡motivational¡¡concepts¡¡
2¡£¡¡Explain¡¡the¡¡various¡¡sources¡¡of¡¡motivation£»¡¡including¡¡instinctual£»¡¡emotional£»¡¡and¡¡cognitive¡¡
sources¡¡
3¡£¡¡municate¡¡the¡¡difference¡¡between¡¡William¡¡James¡¯¡¡and¡¡Sigmund¡¡Freud¡¯s¡¡conception¡¡on¡¡
instinctual¡¡behaviors¡¡
4¡£¡¡Describe¡¡social¡¡learning¡¡theory¡¡and¡¡its¡¡relationship¡¡to¡¡internal¡¡and¡¡external¡¡sources¡¡of¡¡
attributions¡¡
5¡£¡¡Identify¡¡the¡¡two¡¡major¡¡eating¡¡disorders¡¡
6¡£¡¡Explain¡¡the¡¡different¡¡reproductive¡¡strategies¡¡that¡¡may¡¡be¡¡employed¡¡by¡¡males¡¡and¡¡females¡¡
7¡£¡¡Describe¡¡the¡¡four¡¡phases¡¡of¡¡human¡¡sexual¡¡response¡¡for¡¡males¡¡and¡¡females¡¡
8¡£¡¡Show¡¡an¡¡understanding¡¡of¡¡the¡¡concept¡¡of¡¡need¡¡for¡¡achievement¡¡and¡¡discuss¡¡how¡¡it¡¡relates¡¡
to¡¡motivation¡¡
9¡£¡¡Describe¡¡the¡¡concept¡¡of¡¡locus¡¡of¡¡control¡¡and¡¡its¡¡relationship¡¡to¡¡motivation¡¡
10¡£¡¡Explain¡¡Maslow¡¯s¡¡hierarchy¡¡of¡¡needs¡¡
CHAPTER¡¡OUTLINE¡¡

I¡£¡¡Understanding¡¡Motivation¡¡
A¡£¡¡Motivation¡¡is¡¡the¡¡general¡¡term¡¡for¡¡all¡¡the¡¡processes¡¡involved¡¡in¡¡starting£»¡¡directing£»¡¡and¡¡
maintaining¡¡physical¡¡and¡¡psychological¡¡activities¡¡
B¡£¡¡Functions¡¡of¡¡Motivational¡¡Concepts¡¡
1¡£¡¡To¡¡relate¡¡biology¡¡to¡¡behavior¡¡
2¡£¡¡To¡¡account¡¡for¡¡behavioral¡¡variability¡¡
3¡£¡¡To¡¡infer¡¡private¡¡states¡¡from¡¡public¡¡acts¡¡
4¡£¡¡To¡¡assign¡¡responsibility¡¡for¡¡actions¡¡
5¡£¡¡To¡¡explain¡¡perseverance¡¡despite¡¡adversity¡¡
C¡£¡¡Sources¡¡of¡¡Motivation¡¡
1¡£¡¡Drives¡¡and¡¡Incentives¡¡
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CHAPTER¡¡12£º¡¡MOTIVATION¡¡

Motivation¡¡was¡¡necessary¡¡for¡¡learning¡¡to¡¡occur¡¡

£¨i£©¡¡Learning¡¡is¡¡essential¡¡for¡¡successful¡¡adaptation¡¡to¡¡the¡¡
environment¡¡
£¨ii£©¡¡Tension¡¡reduction¡¡is¡¡reinforcing£»¡¡but¡¡is¡¡not¡¡sufficient¡¡to¡¡
explain¡¡all¡¡types¡¡of¡¡motivated¡¡behavior¡¡
£¨iii£©¡¡Organisms¡¡seek¡¡to¡¡maintain¡¡homeostasis£»¡¡a¡¡state¡¡of¡¡
equilibrium¡¡
c£©¡¡Behavior¡¡can¡¡also¡¡be¡¡motivated¡¡by¡¡incentives£»¡¡external¡¡stimuli¡¡
or¡¡rewards¡¡that¡¡do¡¡not¡¡relate¡¡directly¡¡to¡¡biological¡¡needs¡¡

2¡£¡¡Reversal¡¡Theory¡¡
a£©¡¡Apter¡¯s¡¡reversal¡¡theory¡¡hypothesizes¡¡four¡¡pairs¡¡of¡¡
metamotivational¡¡states£»¡¡states¡¡that¡¡give¡¡rise¡¡to¡¡distinct¡¡
patterns¡¡of¡¡motivation¡¡

£¨i£©¡¡Telic¨CParatelic£º¡¡serious¡¡vs¡£¡¡playful¡¡
£¨ii£©¡¡Conformist¨CNegativistic£º¡¡pliant¡¡vs¡£¡¡rebellious¡¡
£¨iii£©¡¡Mastery¨CSympathy£º¡¡power¡­oriented¡¡vs¡£¡¡care¡­oriented¡¡
£¨iv£©¡¡Autic¨CAlloic£º¡¡concern¡¡for¡¡self¡¡vs¡£¡¡concern¡¡for¡¡others¡¡
b£©¡¡Seeks¡¡to¡¡explain¡¡motivation¡¡in¡¡terms¡¡of¡¡reversals¡¡from¡¡one¡¡
state¡¡to¡¡another¡¡

3¡£¡¡Instinctual¡¡Behaviors¡¡and¡¡Learning¡¡
a£©¡¡Instincts¡¡are¡¡preprogrammed¡¡tendencies¡¡that¡¡are¡¡essential¡¡for¡¡
the¡¡survival¡¡of¡¡their¡¡species¡¡

b£©¡¡To¡¡what¡¡degree¡¡is¡¡human¡¡behavior¡¡instinctual£¿¡¡

£¨i£©¡¡James¡¡£¨1890£©¡¡proposed¡¡humans¡¡are¡¡more¡¡reliant¡¡on¡¡
instinct¡¡than¡¡other¡¡animals£»¡¡stating¡¡both¡¡human¡¡and¡¡
animal¡¡behaviors¡¡are¡¡purposive£»¡¡serving¡¡important¡¡
purposes¡¡in¡¡the¡¡organism¡¯s¡¡adaptation¡¡to¡¡its¡¡
environment¡¡
£¨ii£©¡¡Freud¡¡£¨1915£©¡¡proposed¡¡that¡¡humans¡¡experience¡¡drive¡¡
states¡¡arise¡¡from¡¡life¡¡and¡¡death¡¡instincts£»¡¡calling¡¡the¡¡
drive¡¡state¡¡psychic¡¡energy¡¡
£¨iii£©¡¡Behaviorist¡¡data¡¡indicating¡¡behaviors¡¡and¡¡emotions¡¡
are¡¡learned¡¡rather¡¡than¡¡instinctive¡¡in¡¡nature¡¡helped¡¡to¡¡
found¡¡instinct¡¡theory¡¡as¡¡an¡¡explanation¡¡for¡¡motivated¡¡
behavior¡¡
4¡£¡¡Expectations¡¡and¡¡Cognitive¡¡Approaches¡¡to¡¡Motivation¡¡
a£©¡¡An¡¡expectation¡¡is¡¡an¡¡idea¡¡about¡¡the¡¡future¡¡likelihood¡¡of¡¡getting¡¡
something¡¡that¡¡is¡¡wanted¡¡

b£©¡¡Significant¡¡human¡¡motivation¡¡derives¡¡from¡¡the¡¡individual¡¯s¡¡
subjective¡¡interpretation¡¡of¡¡reality¡¡

c£©¡¡Social¡­learning¡¡theory¡¡developed¡¡the¡¡importance¡¡of¡¡
expectations¡¡in¡¡motivating¡¡behavior¡£¡¡The¡¡probability¡¡of¡¡
engaging¡¡in¡¡a¡¡given¡¡behavior¡¡is¡¡determined¡¡by£º¡¡

£¨i£©¡¡Expectation¡¡of¡¡attaining¡¡a¡¡goal¡¡that¡¡follows¡¡the¡¡
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PSYCHOLOGY¡¡AND¡¡LIFE¡¡

activity¡¡

£¨ii£©¡¡Personal¡¡value¡¡of¡¡that¡¡goal¡¡to¡¡the¡¡individual¡¡
£¨iii£©¡¡A¡¡discrepancy¡¡between¡¡expectations¡¡and¡¡reality¡¡can¡¡
motivate¡¡the¡¡individual¡¡to¡¡perform¡¡corrective¡¡
behaviors¡¡
d£©¡¡Heider¡¡posited¡¡that¡¡behavioral¡¡oute¡¡can¡¡be¡¡attributed¡¡to£º¡¡

£¨i£©¡¡Dispositional¡¡forces£»¡¡such¡¡as¡¡lack¡¡of¡¡effort¡¡or¡¡low¡¡
intelligence¡¡
£¨ii£©¡¡Situational¡¡forces£»¡¡such¡¡as¡¡a¡¡biased¡¡exam¡¡or¡¡instructor¡¡
£¨iii£©¡¡Attributions¡¡influencing¡¡the¡¡way¡¡the¡¡individual¡¡will¡¡
behave¡¡
II¡£Eating¡¡
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b£©¡¡Initiate¡¡and¡¡organize¡¡eating¡¡behavior¡¡

c£©¡¡Monitor¡¡quantity¡¡and¡¡quality¡¡of¡¡food¡¡eaten¡¡

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2¡£¡¡Peripheral¡¡Responses¡¡
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was¡¡the¡¡sole¡¡basis¡¡for¡¡hunger£»¡¡an¡¡unsupported¡¡position¡¡on¡¡
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food¡¡causes¡¡the¡¡individual¡¡to¡¡stop¡¡eating¡¡

3¡£¡¡Central¡¡Responses¡¡
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of¡¡eating¡¡were¡¡built¡¡around¡¡observations¡¡of¡¡the¡¡lateral¡¡
hypothalamus¡¡and¡¡the¡¡ventromedial¡¡hypothalunus£»¡¡leading¡¡
to¡¡the¡¡dual¡­center¡¡model¡¡of¡¡response¡¡

b£©¡¡Dual¡­center¡¡model¡¡discredited¡¡after¡¡learning¡¡that¡¡the¡¡two¡¡
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monitoring¡¡levels¡¡of¡¡sugar¡¡and¡¡fat¡¡in¡¡the¡¡blood¡¡

B¡£¡¡The¡¡Psychology¡¡of¡¡Eating¡¡
1¡£¡¡Psychological¡¡focus¡¡is¡¡on¡¡circumstances¡¡in¡¡which¡¡people¡¡try¡¡to¡¡
exercise¡¡control¡¡over¡¡the¡¡consequences

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