心理学与生活-第95章
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“just being sick” that was more than the mere sum of the specific symptoms of their disease。 This
observation led him in later years to study the body’s reaction to environmental stimuli； a process he called
stress； and to which he attributed aging and； in many cases； illness。
Selye joined the faculty of the Institute of Experimental Medicine and Surgery at the University of Montreal
in 1932 and later founded the International Institute of Stress there。 He wrote more than 30 books but is best
known for Stress Without Distress； which has been printed in over a dozen languages。
Selye’s general prescription for the individual living in modern society is that “the secret is not to avoid
stress but to ‘do your own thing。’ Do what you like and what you were made to do at your own rate。。。。 Earn
thy neighbor’s love。 Be a hoarder of good will to make your environment less stressful。” If this advice
sounds like a bination of biblical saying and medical advice； it is nevertheless typical of Selye’s highly
personal and humanistic style。 His own philosophy is what he termed “altruistic selfishness。” He claimed
that in acting in a helpful manner toward others that one is really helping him… or herself by creating a less
stressful environment。
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CHAPTER 13： EMOTION； STRESS； AND HEALTH
TIMELINE
Yea Event
r
19141918
World War I was fought。
1920 Physiologist Walter Cannon confirmed that the stress response is part of a unified mind–
body system。
1929 The Great Depression began in America。
19391945
World War II was fought。
1956 Hans Selye published his theory of chronic stress； known today as the General
Adaptation Syndrome。
1960’s Neal Miller found that rats can modify their heart rates if given pleasure through brain
stimulation when their heart rate increases or decreases。
1963 President John F。 Kennedy was assassinated。
1967 Holmes and Rahe published the Social Readjustment Rating Scale。
1968 Kenneth Cooper extolled the virtues of aerobic exercising； spawning the fitness movement。
1969 The first human moon landing occurred。
1974 Friedman； Meyer； and Rosenhan published Type A Behavior and Your Heart。
1975 Herbert Benson popularized the notion of the relaxation response and its role in dealing
successfully with stress。
1979 Albert Ellis and Robert Harper published A New Guide to Rational Living； emphasizing the
role of self talk in stress。
1980 Ronald Reagan was elected President。
1980’s Psychoneuroimmunology emerged as a discipline as researchers explored the relationship
between psychological processes； the nervous system； endocrine system； and the immune
system。
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PSYCHOLOGY AND LIFE
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READINGS
Atkinson； L。； Chisholm； V。； Dickens； S。； Scott； B。； Blackwell； J。； & Tam； F。 （1995）。 Cognitive Coping； Affective
Disorders； and Maternal Sensitivity： Mothers of Children with Down Syndrome。 Developmental Psychology；
31（4）； 668–676。 An applied perspective of stress and coping in “real…life” mothers with “real…life”
children。
Gross； J。 （1998）。 The Emerging Field of Emotion Regulation： An Integrative Review。 Special Issue： New Directions in
Research on Emotion。 Review of General Psychology； 2（3）； 271–299。 A prehensive review of the field of
emotional regulation； an up…and…ing area of emotional research。
Kaniasty； K。 & Norris； F。 H。 （1995）。 Mobilization and Deterioration of Social Support Following Natural Disasters。
Current Directions in Psychological Science； 4（3）； 94–98。 Discusses responses to natural disasters； in terms of
individual coping resources； and the mobilization of social support within munities。 Most
interesting in view of the recent natural disasters visited on the United States。
Lazarus； R。 （1993）。 From Psychological Stress to the Emotions： A History of Changing Outlooks。 Annual Review of
Psychology； 44； 1–21。 A review of changes in theory of stress and emotion over the last several hundred
years。 Also presents a cognitive…motivational…relational theory of emotion。
Lazarus； R。 S。； & Folkman； S。 （1984）。 Stress； Appraisal； and Coping。 New York： Springer。 Presents an overview
of Lazarus’ cognitive approach to the study of stress and emotion。 Includes coverage of how to assess
stress。
Maier； S。 F。； Watkins； L。 R。； & Fleshner； M。 （1994）。 Psychoneuroimmunology： The Interface between Behavior；
Brain； and Immunity。 American Psychologist； 49（12）； 1004–1017。 An overview of this emergent field for the
general psychologist； with implications that behavioral…psychological processes may be capable of
altering immune functioning。
Pennebaker； J。 （1997）。 Opening Up： The Healing Power of Expressing Emotions （Rev。 Ed。）。 New York： The
Guilford Press。 Investigates the influence of emotional expression on the course of disease within the
body。 Emotional expression is found to be positively related to physical health。
Sapolsky； R。 （1996）。 Why Stress Is Bad for Your Brain。 Science； 273（5276）； 749–750。 Reviews research that
suggests that stress can cause areas of the brain to shrink。 Also looks at other negative influences of
stress on physiological and psychological functioning。
Taylor； S。 E。 （1991）。 Health Psychology。 New York： McGraw…Hill。 Taylor is a pioneer in the migration of
psychologists to the field of health and stress； and her text reflects a broad familiarity with all aspects of
this rapidly growing area。
Taylor； S。； Repetti； R。； & Seeman； T。 （1997）。 Health Psychology： What Is an Unhealthy Environment and How Does
It Get Under the Skin？ Annual Review of Psychology； 48； 411–447。 Examines the role of environments in
creating chronic and acute health disorders。 An excellent introduction and review of the field of health
psychology。
Zajonc； R。 （1998）。 Emotions： The Handbook Of Social Psychology； Vol。 2 （4th Ed。）； 591–632。 A very through
review of the research and theory of emotions from antiquity to the present by a leading researcher in the
field。
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CHAPTER 13： EMOTION； STRESS； AND HEALTH
DISCOVERING PSYCHOLOGY
PROGRAM 12： MOTIVATION AND EMOTION
Overview
A review of what researchers are discovering about why we act and feel as we do； from the exhilaration
of love to the agony of failure。
Key Issues
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs； biological motivation for sexual behavior； reproductive behavior of rats
and the physiological effects； physiological and psychological motivation for romantic love； the
universality of emotions； and the effects of optimism and pessimism on physiology。
Demonstrations
Rat sexual behavior。
Interviews
Psychologist Norman Adler studies reproductive behavior and its physiological consequence in rats。
Martin Seligman studies the effects of optimism and pessimism on physiology and behavior。
Abraham Maslow examines the effects of the interplay between human nature and society on
motivation。
PROGRAM 23： HEALTH； MIND； AND BEHAVIOR
Overview
How research is forcing a profound rethinking of the relationship between mind and body。 A new
biopsychosocial model is replacing the traditional biomedical model。
Key Issues
How psychological factors affect the physical health and immune systems of the aged； how
psychological factors affect the oute of in…vitro fertilization； the psychology of biofeedback； the
sources and consequences of stress； behavioral modification and AIDS； and the General Adaptation
Syndrome。
Demonstrations
Philip Zimbardo demonstrates the process of biofeedback by consciously lowering his pulse rate
through relaxation and concentration。
The three stages of Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome theory。
Anti…drinking Public Service Announcement。
Interviews
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PSYCHOLOGY AND LIFE
Judith Rodin explains how an increased sense of control and empowerment can have positive effects on
the physiology of the aged。 Rodin also discusses how the stress of in…vitro fertilization procedure may
account for its 80％ failure rate。
Neal Miller discusses how individuals can change the functioning of their own internal organs
through biofeedback。
Thomas Co
