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apprehend�察  �of   little   consequence   what   they   study   or   under   whom。              It 

would be more amusing�察�to be sure�察�and more reputable�察�if they would take 

up   the   old   republican   cant   and   declaim   about   Brutus   and   Timoleon�察  �the 

duty of killing tyrants and the blessedness of dying for liberty。                      But�察�on 

the    whole�察    �they   might     have    chosen     worse。     They      may    as   well    be 

Utilitarians   as   jockeys   or   dandies。       And�察  �though   quibbling   about   self´ 

interest and motives�察�and objects of desire�察�and the greatest happiness of 

the    greatest    number�察    �is  but   a  poor   employment        for   a  grown     man�察   �it 

certainly hurts the health less than hard drinking and the fortune less than 

high     play�察  �it  is  not    much     more    laughable      than    phrenology�察     �and    is 

immeasurably more humane than cock´fighting。; 



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            THE MISCELLANEOUS WRITINGS AND SPEECHES OF LORD MACAULAY 



     Macaulay inserted in the Edinburgh Review of March�察�1829�察�an article 

upon   Mr   Mill's   Essay。    He  attacked   the   method   with   much   vehemence�察�

and�察�to the end of his life�察�he never saw any ground for believing that in 

this he had gone too far。        But before long he felt that he had not spoken of 

the   author   of   the   Essay   with   the   respect   due   to   so   eminent   a   man。 In 

1833�察�he described Mr mill�察�during the debate on the India Bill of that year�察�

as a ;gentleman extremely well acquainted with the affairs of our Eastern 

Empire�察  �a   most   valuable   servant   of   the   Company�察  �and   the   author   of   a 

history of India�察�which�察�though certainly not free from faults�察�is�察�I think�察�on 

the whole�察�the greatest historical work which has appeared in our language 

since that of Gibbon。; 

     Almost      immediately      upon     the   appearance      of  the   article   in   the 

Edinburgh Review�察�an answer was published in the Westminster Review。 

It   was   untruly   attributed�察  �in   the   newspapers   of   the   day�察  �to   Mr   Bentham 

himself。     Macaulay's   answer   to   this   appeared   in   the   Edinburgh   Review�察�

June�察�1829。      He wrote the answer under the belief that he was answering 

Mr Bentham�察�and was undeceived in time only to add the postscript。                      The 

author of the article in the Westminster Review had not perceived that the 

question raised was not as to the truth or falsehood of the result at which 

Mr Mill had arrived�察�but as to the soundness or unsoundness of the method 

which     he   pursued�察   �a  misunderstanding        at  which    Macaulay�察     �while   he 

supposed   the   article   to   be   the   work   of   Mr   Bentham�察    �expressed   much 

surprise。     The   controversy   soon   became   principally   a   dispute   as   to   the 

theory     which    was    commonly       known     by   the   name     of  The    Greatest 

Happiness       Principle。      Another      article   in   the   Westminster       Review 

followed�察  �and   a   surrejoinder   by   Macaulay   in   the   Edinburgh   Review   of 

October�察�1829。        Macaulay was irritated at what he conceived to be either 

extreme dullness or gross unfairness on the part of his unknown antagonist�察�

and struck as hard as he could�察�and he struck very hard indeed。 

     The ethical question thus raised was afterwards discussed by Sir James 

Mackintosh�察�in the Dissertation contributed by him to the seventh edition 

of the Encyclopaedia Britannica�察�page 284´313 ��Whewell's Edition��。                       Sir 

James Mackintosh notices the part taken in the controversy by Macaulay�察�

in the following words�此         �A writer of consummate ability�察�who has failed 



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             THE MISCELLANEOUS WRITINGS AND SPEECHES OF LORD MACAULAY 



in little but the respect due to the abilities and character of his opponents�察�

has given too much countenance to the abuse and confusion of language 

exemplified in the well´known verse of Pope�察�

     'Modes of self´love the Passions we may call。' 

     'We know��' says he�察�'no universal proposition respecting human nature 

which   is   true   but   onethat   men   always   act   from   self´   interest。';    ;It   is 

manifest from the sequel�察�that the writer is not the dupe of the confusion�察�

but   many   of   his   readers   may   be   so。   If�察  �indeed�察  �the   word   ;self´interest; 

could with propriety be used for the gratification of every prevalent desire�察�

he has clearly shown that this change in the signification of terms would 

be of no advantage to the doctrine which he controverts。                     It would make 

as many sorts of self´interest as there are appetites�察�and it is irreconcilably 

at variance with the system of association proposed by Mr Mill。;                          ;The 

admirable writer whose language has occasioned this illustration�察�who at 

an   early   age   has   mastered   every   species   of   composition�察  �will   doubtless 

hold fast to simplicity�察�which survives all the fashions of deviation from it�察�

and which a man of genius so fertile has few temptations to for sake。; 

     When       Macaulay       selected    for   publication      certain    articles   of   the 

Edinburgh Review�察�he resolved not to publish any of the three essays in 

question�察�for which he assigned the following reason�此�

     ;The   author   has   been   strongly   urged   to   insert   three   papers   on   the 

Utilitarian   Philosophy�察  �which�察  �when   they   first   appeared�察  �attracted   some 

notice�察  �but   which   are   not   in   the   American   editions。       He   has   however 

determined   to   omit   these   papers�察 �not   because   he   is   disposed   to   retract   a 

single   doctrine   which   they   contain�察  �but   because   he   is   unwilling   to   offer 

what might be regarded as an affront to the memory of one from whose 

opinions      he  still  widely   dissents�察    �but  to   whose    talents   and    virtues   he 

admits that he formerly did not do justice。              Serious as are the faults of the 

Essay   on   Government�察  �a   critic�察  �while   noticing   those   faults�察  �should   have 

abstained   from   using   contemptuous   language   respecting   the   historian   of 

British India。      It ought to be known that Mr Mill had the generosity�察�not 

only to forgive�察�but to forget the unbecoming acrimony with which he had 

been assailed�察�and was�察�when his valuable life closed�察�on terms of cordial 

friendship with his assailant。; 



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             THE MISCELLANEOUS WRITINGS AND SPEECHES OF LORD MACAULAY 



     Under these circumstances�察�considerable doubt has been felt as to the 

propriety of republishing the three Essays in the present collection。                      But 

it   has   been   determined�察  �not   without   much   hesitation�察  �that   they   should 

appear。     It is felt that no disrespect is shown to the memory of Mr Mill�察�

when the   publication   is   accompanied   by  so   full   an   apology  for   the   tone 

adopted   towards   him�察  �and   Mr   Mill   himself   would   have   been   the   last   to 

wish   for   the   suppression   of   opinions   on   the   ground   that   they   were   in 

express   antagonism   to   his   own。         The   grave   has   now   closed   upon   the 

assailant   as   well   as   the   assailed。   On   the   other   hand�察  �it   cannot   but   be 

desirable that opinions which the author retained to the last�察�on important 

questions in politics and morals�察�should be before the public。 

     Some   of   the   poems   now   collected   have   already   appeared   in   print�察�

others     are  supplied     by  the   recollection     of  fri

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