seven discourses on art(簒宝鈍讐恙)-及3嫗
梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈��梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈��梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何��
!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��
farthest from the right way。
Impressed as I am�察 �therefore�察 �with such a favourable opinion of my
associates in this undertaking�察�it would ill become me to dictate to any of
them。 But as these institutions have so often failed in other nations�察�and
as it is natural to think with regret how much might have been done�察�and
how little has been done�察�I must take leave to offer a few hints�察�by which
those errors may be rectified�察 �and those defects supplied。 These the
professors and visitors may reject or adopt as they shall think proper。
I would chiefly recommend that an implicit obedience to the rules of
art�察 �as established by the great masters�察 �should be exacted from the
YOUNG students。 That those models�察 �which have passed through the
approbation of ages�察�should be considered by them as perfect and infallible
guides as subjects for their imitation�察�not their criticism。
I am confident that this is the only efficacious method of making a
progress in the arts�察�and that he who sets out with doubting will find life
finished before he becomes master of the rudiments。 For it may be laid
down as a maxim�察�that he who begins by presuming on his own sense has
ended his studies as soon as he has commenced them。 Every opportunity�察�
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therefore�察�should be taken to discountenance that false and vulgar opinion
that rules are the fetters of genius。 They are fetters only to men of no
genius�察�as that armour�察�which upon the strong becomes an ornament and a
defence�察�upon the weak and misshapen turns into a load�察�and cripples the
body which it was made to protect。
How much liberty may be taken to break through those rules�察�and�察�as
the poet expresses it�察�
;To snatch a grace beyond the reach of art�察─�
may be an after consideration�察 �when the pupils become masters
themselves。 It is then�察 �when their genius has received its utmost
improvement�察�that rules may possibly be dispensed with。 But let us not
destroy the scaffold until we have raised the building。
The directors ought more particularly to watch over the genius of those
students who�察�being more advanced�察�are arrived at that critical period of
study�察�on the nice management of which their future turn of taste depends。
At that age it is natural for them to be more captivated with what is
brilliant than with what is solid�察 �and to prefer splendid negligence to
painful and humiliating exactness。
A facility in composing�察 �a lively�察 �and what is called a masterly
handling the chalk or pencil�察 �are�察 �it must be confessed�察 �captivating
qualities to young minds�察 �and become of course the objects of their
ambition。 They endeavour to imitate those dazzling excellences�察�which
they will find no great labour in attaining。 After much time spent in these
frivolous pursuits�察�the difficulty will be to retreat�察�but it will be then too
late�察�and there is scarce an instance of return to scrupulous labour after the
mind has been debauched and deceived by this fallacious mastery。
By this useless industry they are excluded from all power of advancing
in real excellence。 Whilst boys�察 �they are arrived at their utmost
perfection�察�they have taken the shadow for the substance�察�and make that
mechanical facility the chief excellence of the art�察 �which is only an
ornament�察 �and of the merit of which few but painters themselves are
judges。
This seems to me to be one of the most dangerous sources of
corruption�察�and I speak of it from experience�察�not as an error which may
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possibly happen�察 �but which has actually infected all foreign academies。
The directors were probably pleased with this premature dexterity in their
pupils�察�and praised their despatch at the expense of their correctness。
But young men have not only this frivolous ambition of being thought
masterly inciting them on one hand�察�but also their natural sloth tempting
them on the other。 They are terrified at the prospect before them�察�of the
toil required to attain exactness。 The impetuosity of youth is distrusted at
the slow approaches of a regular siege�察�and desires�察�from mere impatience
of labour�察�to take the citadel by storm。 They wish to find some shorter
path to excellence�察 �and hope to obtain the reward of eminence by other
means than those which the indispensable rules of art have prescribed。
They must�察�therefore�察�be told again and again that labour is the only price
of solid fame�察�and that whatever their force of genius may be�察�there is no
easy method of becoming a good painter。
When we read the lives of the most eminent painters�察 �every page
informs us that no part of their time was spent in dissipation。 Even an
increase of fame served only to augment their industry。 To be convinced
with what persevering assiduity they pursued their studies�察�we need only
reflect on their method of proceeding in their most celebrated works。
When they conceived a subject�察�they first made a variety of sketches�察�then
a finished drawing of the whole�察�after that a more correct drawing of every
separate part�察�heads�察�hands�察�feet�察�and pieces of drapery�察�they then painted
the picture�察 �and after all re´touched it from the life。 The pictures�察�thus
wrought with such pain�察�now appear like the effect of enchantment�察�and as
if some mighty genius had struck them off at a blow。
But�察�whilst diligence is thus recommended to the students�察�the visitors
will take care that their diligence be effectual�察�that it be well directed and
employed on the proper object。 A student is not always advancing
because he is employed�察�he must apply his strength to that part of the art
where the real difficulties lie�察�to that part which distinguishes it as a liberal
art�察 �and not by mistaken industry lose his time in that which is merely
ornamental。 The students�察 �instead of vying with each other which shall
have the readiest band�察 �should be taught to contend who shall have the
purest and most correct outline�察�instead of striving which shall produce the
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brightest tint�察�or�察�curiously trifling endeavour to give the gloss of stuffs so
as to appear real�察 �let their ambition be directed to contend which shall
dispose his drapery in the most graceful folds�察�which shall give the most
grace and dignity to the human figure。
I must beg leave to submit one thing more to the consideration of the
visitors�察�which appears to me a matter of very great consequence�察�and the
omission of which I think a principal defect in the method of education
pursued in all the academies I have ever visited。 The error I mean is�察�that
the students never draw exactly from the living models which they have
before them。 It is not indeed their intention�察�nor are they directed to do it。
Their drawings resemble