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farthest from the right way。 

     Impressed   as   I   am�察  �therefore�察  �with   such   a   favourable   opinion   of   my 

associates in this undertaking�察�it would ill become me to dictate to any of 

them。     But as these institutions have so often failed in other nations�察�and 

as it is natural to think with regret how much might have been done�察�and 

how little has been done�察�I must take leave to offer a few hints�察�by which 

those    errors   may   be   rectified�察  �and   those   defects    supplied。    These     the 

professors and visitors may reject or adopt as they shall think proper。 

     I would chiefly recommend that an implicit obedience to the rules of 

art�察  �as  established     by  the   great   masters�察   �should    be  exacted     from   the 

YOUNG   students。          That   those   models�察  �which   have   passed   through   the 

approbation of ages�察�should be considered by them as perfect and infallible 

guides as subjects for their imitation�察�not their criticism。 

     I   am   confident   that   this   is   the   only   efficacious   method   of   making   a 

progress in the arts�察�and that he who sets out with doubting will find life 

finished before he becomes master of the rudiments。                   For it may be laid 

down as a maxim�察�that he who begins by presuming on his own sense has 

ended his studies as soon as he has commenced them。                   Every opportunity�察�



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therefore�察�should be taken to discountenance that false and vulgar opinion 

that rules   are the   fetters   of   genius。   They  are   fetters only  to   men   of   no 

genius�察�as that armour�察�which upon the strong becomes an ornament and a 

defence�察�upon the weak and misshapen turns into a load�察�and cripples the 

body which it was made to protect。 

     How much liberty may be taken to break through those rules�察�and�察�as 

the poet expresses it�察�

       ;To snatch a grace beyond the reach of art�察─�

       may    be   an   after  consideration�察    �when    the   pupils   become     masters 

themselves。        It   is  then�察  �when    their   genius    has   received     its  utmost 

improvement�察�that rules may possibly be dispensed with。                    But let us not 

destroy the scaffold until we have raised the building。 

     The directors ought more particularly to watch over the genius of those 

students who�察�being more advanced�察�are arrived at that critical period of 

study�察�on the nice management of which their future turn of taste depends。 

At   that   age   it   is   natural   for   them   to   be   more   captivated   with   what   is 

brilliant   than   with   what   is   solid�察  �and   to   prefer   splendid   negligence   to 

painful and humiliating exactness。 

     A    facility  in  composing�察      �a  lively�察 �and   what    is  called   a  masterly 

handling      the   chalk   or   pencil�察  �are�察 �it  must    be  confessed�察    �captivating 

qualities    to  young     minds�察   �and   become     of  course    the   objects   of  their 

ambition。      They endeavour to imitate those dazzling excellences�察�which 

they will find no great labour in attaining。           After much time spent in these 

frivolous pursuits�察�the difficulty will be to retreat�察�but it will be then too 

late�察�and there is scarce an instance of return to scrupulous labour after the 

mind has been debauched and deceived by this fallacious mastery。 

     By this useless industry they are excluded from all power of advancing 

in    real  excellence。      Whilst      boys�察  �they    are   arrived   at   their   utmost 

perfection�察�they have taken the shadow for the substance�察�and make that 

mechanical       facility  the   chief   excellence    of   the  art�察 �which    is  only   an 

ornament�察  �and   of   the   merit   of   which   few   but   painters   themselves   are 

judges。 

     This    seems     to  me    to  be   one   of  the   most    dangerous     sources    of 

corruption�察�and I speak of it from experience�察�not as an error which may 



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possibly   happen�察  �but   which   has   actually   infected   all   foreign   academies。 

The directors were probably pleased with this premature dexterity in their 

pupils�察�and praised their despatch at the expense of their correctness。 

     But young men have not only this frivolous ambition of being thought 

masterly inciting them on one hand�察�but also their natural sloth tempting 

them on the other。         They are terrified at the prospect before them�察�of the 

toil required to attain exactness。 The impetuosity of youth is distrusted at 

the slow approaches of a regular siege�察�and desires�察�from mere impatience 

of labour�察�to take the citadel by storm。              They wish to find some shorter 

path   to   excellence�察  �and   hope   to   obtain   the   reward   of   eminence   by  other 

means   than   those   which   the   indispensable   rules   of   art   have   prescribed。 

They must�察�therefore�察�be told again and again that labour is the only price 

of solid fame�察�and that whatever their force of genius may be�察�there is no 

easy method of becoming a good painter。 

     When   we   read   the   lives   of   the   most   eminent   painters�察  �every   page 

informs   us   that   no   part   of   their   time   was   spent   in   dissipation。   Even   an 

increase of fame served only to augment their industry。                    To be convinced 

with what persevering assiduity they pursued their studies�察�we need only 

reflect   on   their   method   of   proceeding   in      their   most   celebrated   works。 

When they conceived a subject�察�they first made a variety of sketches�察�then 

a finished drawing of the whole�察�after that a more correct drawing of every 

separate part�察�heads�察�hands�察�feet�察�and pieces of drapery�察�they then painted 

the picture�察  �and   after   all re´touched   it   from  the life。      The   pictures�察�thus 

wrought with such pain�察�now appear like the effect of enchantment�察�and as 

if some mighty genius had struck them off at a blow。 

     But�察�whilst diligence is thus recommended to the students�察�the visitors 

will take care that their diligence be effectual�察�that it be well directed and 

employed       on   the   proper    object。    A    student    is  not   always     advancing 

because he is employed�察�he must apply his strength to that part of the art 

where the real difficulties lie�察�to that part which distinguishes it as a liberal 

art�察  �and   not   by   mistaken   industry   lose   his   time   in   that   which   is   merely 

ornamental。   The   students�察  �instead   of   vying   with   each   other   which   shall 

have   the   readiest   band�察  �should   be   taught   to   contend   who   shall   have   the 

purest and most correct outline�察�instead of striving which shall produce the 



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brightest tint�察�or�察�curiously trifling endeavour to give the gloss of stuffs so 

as   to   appear   real�察  �let   their   ambition   be   directed   to   contend   which   shall 

dispose his drapery in the most graceful folds�察�which shall give the most 

grace and dignity to the human figure。 

     I must beg leave to submit one thing more to the consideration of the 

visitors�察�which appears to me a matter of very great consequence�察�and the 

omission   of   which   I  think   a  principal   defect   in   the  method   of   education 

pursued in all the academies I have ever visited。              The error I mean is�察�that 

the students never draw exactly from the living models which they have 

before them。       It is not indeed their intention�察�nor are they directed to do it。 

Their drawings resemble 

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