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Their drawings resemble the model only in the attitude。                  They change the 

form according to their vague and uncertain ideas of beauty�察�and make a 

drawing rather of what they think the figure ought to be than of what it 

appears。      I have thought this the obstacle that has stopped the progress of 

many young men of real genius�察�and I very much doubt whether a habit of 

drawing   correctly   what   we   see   will   not   give   a   proportionable   power   of 

drawing correctly what we imagine。               He who endeavours to copy nicely 

the figure before him not only acquires a habit of exactness and precision�察�

but   is   continually  advancing   in his   knowledge  of   the human   figure�察  �and 

though   he   seems   to   superficial   observers   to   make   a   slower   progress�察  �he 

will   be   found   at   last   capable   of   adding   ��without   running   into   capricious 

wildness�� that grace and beauty which is necessary to be given to his more 

finished   works�察  �and   which   cannot   be   got   by   the   moderns�察  �as   it   was   not 

acquired by the ancients�察�but by an attentive and well´compared study of 

the human form。 

     What   I   think   ought   to   enforce   this   method   is�察  �that   it   has   been   the 

practice ��as may be seen by their drawings�� of the great masters in the art。 

I will mention a drawing of Raffaelle�察 �The Dispute of the Sacrament�察─�the 

print   of   which�察  �by   Count   Cailus�察  �is   in   every   hand。   It   appears   that   he 

made his sketch from one model�察�and the habit he had of drawing exactly 

from the form before him appears by his making all the figures with the 

same cap�察�such as his model then happened to wear�察�so servile a copyist 

was   this   great   man�察  �even   at   a   time   when   he   was   allowed   to   be   at   his 

highest pitch of excellence。 



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     I have seen also academy figures by Annibale Caracci�察�though he was 

often    sufficiently   licentious    in  his  finished   works�察   �drawn     with   all  the 

peculiarities of an individual model。 

     This    scrupulous     exactness     is  so   contrary    to  the   practice    of  the 

academies�察     �that   it  is  not  without   great   deference     that  I  beg  leave    to 

recommend it to the consideration of the visitors�察�and submit it to them�察�

whether the neglect of this method is not one of the reasons why students 

so   often   disappoint   expectation�察  �and   being   more   than   boys   at   sixteen�察�

become less than men at thirty。 

     In short�察�the method I recommend can only be detrimental when there 

are   but   few   living   forms   to   copy�察  �for   then   students�察  �by   always   drawing 

from one alone�察�will by habit be taught to overlook defects�察�and mistake 

deformity for beauty。        But of this there is no danger�察�since the council has 

determined to supply the academy with a variety of subjects�察�and indeed 

those    laws   which     they  have    drawn    up�察  �and   which    the  secretary    will 

presently read for your confirmation�察�have in some measure precluded me 

from saying more upon this occasion。              Instead�察�therefore�察�of offering my 

advice�察�permit me to indulge my wishes�察�and express my hope�察�that this 

institution    may    answer    the   expectations    of   its  royal  founder�察   �that  the 

present age may vie in arts with that of Leo X。 and that ;the dignity of the 

dying art; ��to make use of an expression of Pliny�� may be revived under 

the reign of George III。 



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                          A DISCOURSE II 



            Delivered to the Students of the Royal Academy�察�on the 

     Distribution of the Prizes�察�December 11�察�I769�察�by the President。 

     Gentlemen��I   congratulate   you   on   the   honour   which   you   have   just 

received。     I   have   the   highest   opinion   of   your   merits�察  �and   could   wish   to 

show my sense of them in something which possibly may be more useful 

to you than barren praise。         I could wish to lead you into such a course of 

study     as  may    render    your    future   progress    answerable      to  your    past 

improvement�察�and�察�whilst I applaud you for what has been done�察�remind 

you of how much yet remains to attain perfection。 

     I   flatter   myself�察  �that   from   the   long   experience   I   have   had�察  �and   the 

unceasing   assiduity   with   which   I   have   pursued   those   studies�察  �in   which�察�

like you�察 �I   have been   engaged�察 �I shall be   acquitted   of vanity  in   offering 

some   hints   to   your   consideration。      They   are   indeed   in   a   great   degree 

founded upon my own mistakes in the same pursuit。                    But the history of 

errors properly managed often shortens the road to truth。                  And although 

no method of study that I can offer will of itself conduct to excellence�察�yet 

it may preserve industry from being misapplied。 

     In speaking to you of the theory of the art�察�I shall only consider it as it 

has a relation to the method of your studies。 

     Dividing     the   study   of  painting    into  three   distinct   periods�察  �I  shall 

address you as having passed through the first of them�察�which is confined 

to the rudiments�察�including a facility of drawing any object that presents 

itself�察  �a  tolerable    readiness     in  the   management       of   colours�察   �and   an 

acquaintance with the most simple and obvious rules of composition。 

     This   first   degree   of   proficiency   is�察  �in   painting�察  �what   grammar   is   in 

literature�察�a general preparation to whatever species of the art the student 

may afterwards choose for his more particular application。                 The power of 

drawing�察�modelling�察�and using colours is very properly called the language 

of the art�察�and in this language�察�the honours you have just received prove 

you to have made no inconsiderable progress。 

     When the artist is once enabled to express himself with some degree of 



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                                SEVEN DISCOURSES ON ART 



correctness�察�he must then endeavour to collect subjects for expression�察�to 

amass a stock of ideas�察�to be combined and varied as occasion may require。 

He is now in the second period of study�察�in which his business is to learn 

all   that   has   hitherto   been   known   and   done。      Having   hitherto   received 

instructions from a particular master�察�he is now to consider the art itself as 

his   master。    He   must   extend   his   capacity   to   more   sublime   and   general 

instructions。 Those perfections which lie scattered among various masters 

are   now   united   in   one   general   idea�察  �which   is   henceforth   to   regulate   his 

taste and enlarge his imagination。             With a variety of models thus before 

him�察   �he   will   avoid   that   narrowness      and   poverty     of  conception      which 

attends a bigoted admiration of a single master�察�and will cease to follow 

any favourite where he ceases to excel。                This period is�察�however�察�still a 

time    of   subjection    and    discipline。   Though      the  student    will   not   resign 

himself blindly to any single authority when he may have the advantage of 

consulting many�察�he must still be afraid of trusting his own judgment�察�and 

of   deviating   into   any   track   where   he   cannot   find   the   footsteps   of   some 

former master。 

     The third   and last period   emancipates the student from  subjection to 

any authority but what he shall himself judge to be supported by reason。 

Confiding now in h

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