seven discourses on art(簒宝鈍讐恙)-及4嫗
梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈��梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈��梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何��
!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��
Their drawings resemble the model only in the attitude。 They change the
form according to their vague and uncertain ideas of beauty�察�and make a
drawing rather of what they think the figure ought to be than of what it
appears。 I have thought this the obstacle that has stopped the progress of
many young men of real genius�察�and I very much doubt whether a habit of
drawing correctly what we see will not give a proportionable power of
drawing correctly what we imagine。 He who endeavours to copy nicely
the figure before him not only acquires a habit of exactness and precision�察�
but is continually advancing in his knowledge of the human figure�察 �and
though he seems to superficial observers to make a slower progress�察 �he
will be found at last capable of adding ��without running into capricious
wildness�� that grace and beauty which is necessary to be given to his more
finished works�察 �and which cannot be got by the moderns�察 �as it was not
acquired by the ancients�察�but by an attentive and well´compared study of
the human form。
What I think ought to enforce this method is�察 �that it has been the
practice ��as may be seen by their drawings�� of the great masters in the art。
I will mention a drawing of Raffaelle�察 �The Dispute of the Sacrament�察─�the
print of which�察 �by Count Cailus�察 �is in every hand。 It appears that he
made his sketch from one model�察�and the habit he had of drawing exactly
from the form before him appears by his making all the figures with the
same cap�察�such as his model then happened to wear�察�so servile a copyist
was this great man�察 �even at a time when he was allowed to be at his
highest pitch of excellence。
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SEVEN DISCOURSES ON ART
I have seen also academy figures by Annibale Caracci�察�though he was
often sufficiently licentious in his finished works�察 �drawn with all the
peculiarities of an individual model。
This scrupulous exactness is so contrary to the practice of the
academies�察 �that it is not without great deference that I beg leave to
recommend it to the consideration of the visitors�察�and submit it to them�察�
whether the neglect of this method is not one of the reasons why students
so often disappoint expectation�察 �and being more than boys at sixteen�察�
become less than men at thirty。
In short�察�the method I recommend can only be detrimental when there
are but few living forms to copy�察 �for then students�察 �by always drawing
from one alone�察�will by habit be taught to overlook defects�察�and mistake
deformity for beauty。 But of this there is no danger�察�since the council has
determined to supply the academy with a variety of subjects�察�and indeed
those laws which they have drawn up�察 �and which the secretary will
presently read for your confirmation�察�have in some measure precluded me
from saying more upon this occasion。 Instead�察�therefore�察�of offering my
advice�察�permit me to indulge my wishes�察�and express my hope�察�that this
institution may answer the expectations of its royal founder�察 �that the
present age may vie in arts with that of Leo X。 and that ;the dignity of the
dying art; ��to make use of an expression of Pliny�� may be revived under
the reign of George III。
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A DISCOURSE II
Delivered to the Students of the Royal Academy�察�on the
Distribution of the Prizes�察�December 11�察�I769�察�by the President。
Gentlemen��I congratulate you on the honour which you have just
received。 I have the highest opinion of your merits�察 �and could wish to
show my sense of them in something which possibly may be more useful
to you than barren praise。 I could wish to lead you into such a course of
study as may render your future progress answerable to your past
improvement�察�and�察�whilst I applaud you for what has been done�察�remind
you of how much yet remains to attain perfection。
I flatter myself�察 �that from the long experience I have had�察 �and the
unceasing assiduity with which I have pursued those studies�察 �in which�察�
like you�察 �I have been engaged�察 �I shall be acquitted of vanity in offering
some hints to your consideration。 They are indeed in a great degree
founded upon my own mistakes in the same pursuit。 But the history of
errors properly managed often shortens the road to truth。 And although
no method of study that I can offer will of itself conduct to excellence�察�yet
it may preserve industry from being misapplied。
In speaking to you of the theory of the art�察�I shall only consider it as it
has a relation to the method of your studies。
Dividing the study of painting into three distinct periods�察 �I shall
address you as having passed through the first of them�察�which is confined
to the rudiments�察�including a facility of drawing any object that presents
itself�察 �a tolerable readiness in the management of colours�察 �and an
acquaintance with the most simple and obvious rules of composition。
This first degree of proficiency is�察 �in painting�察 �what grammar is in
literature�察�a general preparation to whatever species of the art the student
may afterwards choose for his more particular application。 The power of
drawing�察�modelling�察�and using colours is very properly called the language
of the art�察�and in this language�察�the honours you have just received prove
you to have made no inconsiderable progress。
When the artist is once enabled to express himself with some degree of
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correctness�察�he must then endeavour to collect subjects for expression�察�to
amass a stock of ideas�察�to be combined and varied as occasion may require。
He is now in the second period of study�察�in which his business is to learn
all that has hitherto been known and done。 Having hitherto received
instructions from a particular master�察�he is now to consider the art itself as
his master。 He must extend his capacity to more sublime and general
instructions。 Those perfections which lie scattered among various masters
are now united in one general idea�察 �which is henceforth to regulate his
taste and enlarge his imagination。 With a variety of models thus before
him�察 �he will avoid that narrowness and poverty of conception which
attends a bigoted admiration of a single master�察�and will cease to follow
any favourite where he ceases to excel。 This period is�察�however�察�still a
time of subjection and discipline。 Though the student will not resign
himself blindly to any single authority when he may have the advantage of
consulting many�察�he must still be afraid of trusting his own judgment�察�and
of deviating into any track where he cannot find the footsteps of some
former master。
The third and last period emancipates the student from subjection to
any authority but what he shall himself judge to be supported by reason。
Confiding now in h