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seven discourses on art(簒宝鈍讐恙)-及34嫗

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off the upper part   of   our   dress�察 �or taking   away  the   lower�察 �is   a   matter   of 

habit。    It   would   be   unjust   to   conclude   that   all   ornaments�察  �because   they 



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were     at  first  arbitrarily    contrived�察    �are  therefore     undeserving      of   our 

attention�察    �on   the   contrary�察  �he   who     neglects    the   cultivation    of  those 

ornaments�察      �acts   contrarily    to  nature    and   reason。     As    life  would     be 

imperfect without its highest ornaments�察�the arts�察�so these arts themselves 

would be imperfect without THEIR ornaments。 

     Though      we    by   no   means    ought    to   rank   these   with    positive   and 

substantial   beauties�察  �yet   it   must   be   allowed   that   a   knowledge   of   both   is 

essentially requisite towards forming a complete�察�whole�察�and perfect taste。 

It is in reality from the ornaments that arts receive their peculiar character 

and   complexion�察  �we   may   add   that   in   them   we   find   the   characteristical 

mark of a national taste�察�as by throwing up a feather in the air we know 

which way the wind blows�察�better than by a more heavy matter。 

     The striking distinction between the works of the Roman�察�Bolognian�察�

and     Venetian    schools�察   �consists    more    in   that  general    effect   which     is 

produced by colours than in the more profound excellences of the art�察�at 

least it is from thence that each is distinguished and known at first sight。 

As it is the ornaments rather than the proportions of architecture which at 

the first glance distinguish the different orders from each other�察�the Doric 

is known by its triglyphs�察�the Ionic by its volutes�察�and the Corinthian by its 

acanthus。 

     What   distinguishes   oratory   from   a   cold   narration�察  �is   a   more   liberal 

though      chaste   use   of   these   ornaments      which    go   under    the   name    of 

figurative   and   metaphorical   expressions�察  �and   poetry   distinguishes   itself 

from   oratory   by   words   and   expressions   still   more   ardent   and   glowing。 

What separates and distinguishes poetry is more particularly the ornament 

of   VERSE�察  �it   is   this   which   gives   it   its   character�察  �and   is   an   essential�察�

without which it cannot exist。 Custom has appropriated different metre to 

different kinds of composition�察�in which the world is not perfectly agreed。 

In England the dispute is not yet settled which is to be preferred�察�rhyme or 

blank     verse。    But     however      we    disagree    about    what    these    metrical 

ornaments shall be�察�that some metre is essentially necessary is universally 

acknowledged。 

     In    poetry     or   eloquence�察     �to   determine      how     far    figurative    or 

metaphorical language may proceed�察�and when it begins to be affectation 



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or beside the truth�察�must be determined by taste�察�though this taste we must 

never forget is regulated and formed by the presiding feelings of mankind�察�

by   those    works   which      have   approved      themselves   to     all   times  and    all 

persons。 

     Thus�察  �though   eloquence   has   undoubtedly   an            essential   and   intrinsic 

excellence�察�and immovable principles common to all languages�察�founded 

in the nature of our passions and affections�察�yet it has its ornaments and 

modes   of   address   which   are   merely   arbitrary。   What   is   approved   in   the 

Eastern nations as grand and majestic�察�would be considered by the Greeks 

and Romans as turgid and inflated�察�and they�察�in return�察�would be thought 

by the Orientals to express themselves in a cold and insipid manner。 

     We   may   add   likewise   to   the   credit   of   ornaments�察  �that   it   is   by   their 

means that   art itself   accomplishes its   purpose。           Fresnoy calls   colouring�察�

which is one of the chief ornaments of painting�察�lena sororis�察�that which 

procures lovers and admirers to the more valuable excellences of the art。 

     It appears to be the same right turn of mind which enables a man to 

acquire the TRUTH�察�or the just idea of what is right in the ornaments�察�as 

in   the   more    stable   principles     of  art。   It  has   still  the  same     centre   of 

perfection�察�though it is the centre of a smaller circle。 

     To illustrate this by the fashion of dress�察�in which there is allowed to 

be   a   good   or�察  �bad   taste。 The   component   parts   of   dress   are   continually 

changing from great to little�察�from short to long�察�but the general form still 

remains�察  �it   is   still   the   same   general   dress   which   is   comparatively   fixed�察�

though on a very slender foundation�察�but it is on this which fashion must 

rest。    He who invents with the most success�察�or dresses in�察�the best taste�察�

would   probably�察  �from   the   same   sagacity   employed   to   greater   purposes�察�

have discovered equal skill�察�or have formed the same correct taste in the 

highest labours of art。 

     I have mentioned taste in dress�察�which is certainly one of the lowest 

subjects   to   which   this   word   is   applied�察  �yet�察  �as   I   have   before   observed�察�

there  is   a   right   even   here�察  �however   narrow  its   foundation   respecting   the 

fashion of any particular nation。           But we have still more slender means of 

determining�察      �in   regard    to  the   different    customs     of   different    ages   or 

countries�察    �to  which     to  give   the   preference�察    �since   they   seem   to   be   all 



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equally removed from nature。 

     If an European�察�when he has cut off his beard�察�and put false hair on his 

head�察  �or   bound   up   his   own   natural   hair   in   regular   hard   knots�察  �as   unlike 

nature as he can possibly make it�察�and having rendered them immovable 

by the help of the fat of hogs�察�has covered the whole with flour�察�laid on by 

a machine with the utmost regularity�察�if�察�when thus attired he issues forth�察�

he meets a Cherokee Indian�察�who has bestowed as much time at his toilet�察�

and   laid   on   with   equal   care   and   attention   his   yellow   and   red   ochre   on 

particular   parts   of   his   forehead   or   cheeks�察  �as   he   judges   most   becoming�察�

whoever despises the other for this attention to the fashion of his country�察�

whichever       of  these   two   first  feels  himself    provoked      to  laugh�察  �is  the 

barbarian。 

     All   these   fashions   are   very   innocent�察  �neither   worth   disquisition�察  �nor 

any  endeavour   to   alter   them�察  �as   the   change   would�察  �in   all   probability�察  �be 

equally     distant   from    nature。    The     only   circumstances       against   which 

indignation may reasonably be moved�察�are where the operation is painful 

or destructive of health�察�such as is practised at Otahaiti�察�and the straight 

lacing of the English ladies�察�of the last of which�察�how destructive it must 

be to health and long life�察�the professor of anatomy took an opportunity of 

proving a few days since in this Academy。 

     It is in dress as in things of greater consequence。              Fashions originate 

from those only who have the high and powerful advantages of rank�察�birth�察�

and fortune�察�as many of the ornaments of art�察�those at least for which no 

reason can be given�察�are transmitted to us�察�are adopted�察�and acquire their 

consequence from the company in which we have been used to see them。 

As Greece and Rome are the fountains from whence have flowed all kinds 

of excellence�察�to that venera

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