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there is a greater difference between our minds than between our forms�察�of 

which�察�though there are no two alike�察�yet there is a general similitude that 

goes through the whole race of mankind�察�and those who have cultivated 

their taste can distinguish what is beautiful or deformed�察�or�察�in other words�察�

what agrees with or what deviates from the general idea of nature�察�in one 

case as well as in the other。 

     The   internal   fabric   of   our   mind�察  �as   well   as   the   external   form   of   our 

bodies�察�being nearly uniform�察�it seems then to follow�察�of course�察�that as the 

imagination is incapable of producing anything originally of itself�察�and can 

only vary and combine these ideas with which it is furnished by means of 

the senses�察�there will be�察�of course�察�an agreement in the imaginations as in 

the senses of men。        There being this agreement�察�it follows that in all cases�察�

in   our   lightest   amusements   as   well   as   in   our   most   serious   actions   and 

engagements of life�察�we must regulate our affections of every kind by that 

of   others。    The   well´disciplined   mind   acknowledges   this   authority�察  �and 

submits its own opinion to the public voice。 

     It  is  from   knowing      what    are  the  general    feelings    and   passions    of 

mankind   that   we   acquire   a   true   idea   of   what   imagination   is�察  �though   it 

appears   as   if   we   had   nothing   to   do   but   to   consult   our   own   particular 

sensations�察    �and    these   were   sufficient    to  ensure   us   from    all  error  and 

mistake。 

     A knowledge of the disposition and character of the human mind can 

be acquired only by experience�此           �a great deal will be learned�察�I admit�察�by 

a   habit   of  examining      what    passes   in  our   bosoms�察    �what    are  our   own 

motives of action�察�and of what kind of sentiments we are conscious on any 

occasion。      We   may   suppose   a   uniformity�察  �and   conclude   that   the   same 

effect will be produced by the same cause in the minds of others。                       This 

examination will contribute to suggest to us matters of inquiry�察�but we can 

never   be   sure   that   our   own   sensations   are   true   and   right   till   they   are 

confirmed by more extensive observation。 

     One man opposing another determines nothing but a general union of 

minds�察�like a general combination of the forces of all mankind�察�makes a 



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strength   that   is   irresistible。   In   fact�察  �as   he   who   does   not   know   himself 

does not know others�察�so it may be said with equal truth�察�that he who does 

not know others knows himself but very imperfectly。 

     A    man    who    thinks    he   is  guarding     himself     against    Prejudices     by 

resisting the authority of others�察�leaves open every avenue to singularity�察�

vanity�察�self´conceit�察�obstinacy�察�and many other vices�察�all tending to warp 

the judgment and prevent the natural operation of his faculties。 

     This submission to others is a deference which we owe�察�and indeed are 

forced involuntarily to pay。 

     In fact we are never satisfied with our opinions till they are ratified and 

confirmed       by   the  suffrages     of  the   rest  of  mankind。      We     dispute    and 

wrangle for ever�察�we endeavour to get men to come to us when we do not 

go to them。 

     He   therefore   who   is   acquainted   with   the   works   which   have   pleased 

different ages and different countries�察�and has formed his opinion on them�察�

has more materials and more means of knowing what is analogous to the 

mind of man than he who is conversant only with the works of his own 

age or   country。      What   has   pleased�察 �and continues to please�察 �is likely  to 

please again�此      �hence are derived the rules of art�察�and on this immovable 

foundation they must ever stand。 

     This   search   and   study   of   the   history   of   the   mind   ought   not   to   be 

confined to one art only。          It is by the analogy that one art bears to another 

that   many   things   are   ascertained   which   either   were   but   faintly   seen�察  �or�察�

perhaps�察  �would   not   have   been   discovered   at   all   if   the   inventor   had   not 

received   the   first   hints   from   the   practices   of   a   sister   art   on   a   similar 

occasion。      The frequent allusions which every man who treats of any art 

is   obliged    to  draw    from   others     in  order   to  illustrate   and   confirm   his 

principles�察     �sufficiently     show     their   near    connection      and    inseparable 

relation。 

     All    arts   having    the   same     general    end�察   �which     is  to  please�察   �and 

addressing   themselves   to   the   same   faculties   through   the   medium   of   the 

senses�察�it follows that their rules and principles must have as great affinity 

as   the   different   materials   and   the   different   organs   or   vehicles   by   which 

they pass to the mind will permit them to retain。 



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     We may therefore conclude that the real substance�察�as it may be called�察�

of what goes under the name of taste�察�is fixed and established in the nature 

of    things�察  �that   there    are   certain   and    regular    causes    by   which     the 

imagination and passions of men are affected�察�and that the knowledge of 

these causes is acquired by a laborious and diligent investigation of nature�察�

and   by  the   same   slow   progress   as   wisdom   or   knowledge   of   every   kind�察�

however instantaneous its operations may appear when thus acquired。 

     It has been often observed that the good and virtuous man alone can 

acquire this true or just relish�察�even of works of art。            This opinion will not 

appear entirely without foundation when we consider that the same habit 

of   mind   which   is   acquired   by  our   search   after   truth   in   the   more   serious 

duties of life�察�is only transferred to the pursuit of lighter amusements�此                �the 

same   disposition�察  �the   same   desire   to   find   something   steady�察  �substantial�察�

and durable�察�on which the mind can lean�察�as it were�察�and rest with safety。 

The subject only is changed。            We pursue the same method in our search 

after   the   idea   of   beauty   and   perfection   in   each�察  �of   virtue�察  �by   looking 

forwards      beyond     ourselves     to  society�察  �and   to  the   whole�察   �of   arts�察 �by 

extending our views in the same manner to all ages and all times。 

     Every art�察�like our own�察�has in its composition fluctuating as well as 

fixed principles。       It is an attentive inquiry into their difference that   will 

enable us to determine how far we are influenced by custom and habit�察�and 

what is fixed in the nature of things。 

     To distinguish how much has solid foundation�察�we may have recourse 

to the same proof  by  which some   hold wit   ought to be   triedwhether it 

preserves itself when translated。           That wit is false which can subsist only 

in one language�察�and that picture which pleases only one age or one nation�察�

owes its reception to some local or accidental association of ideas。 

     We    may    apply    this  to  every    custom   and     habit   of  life。  Thus     the 

general   principles   of   urbanity�察  �politeness�察  �or   civility�察  �have   been   ever   the 

same in all nations�察�but the mode in which they are dressed is continually 

varying。     The general idea of showing respect is by making yourself less�此�

but the manner�察�whether by bowing the body�察�kneeling�察�prostration�察�pulling 

off the upper part   of   our   dress�察 �or taking   away  th

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