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seven discourses on art(簒宝鈍讐恙)-及6嫗

弌傍�� seven discourses on art(簒宝鈍讐恙) 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

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painting�察  �can   be   obtained   by   the   frigid   contemplation   of   a   few   single 

models�察�is no less absurd than it would be in him who wishes to be a poet 

to imagine that by translating a tragedy he can acquire to himself sufficient 

knowledge   of   the   appearances   of   nature�察  �the   operations   of   the   passions�察�

and the incidents of life。 

     The great use in   copying�察�if it be   at all useful�察�should seem to be in 

learning to colour�察�yet even colouring will never be perfectly attained by 

servilely copying the mould before you。                 An eye critically nice can only 

be   formed   by   observing   well´coloured   pictures   with   attention�此            �and   by 

close   inspection�察  �and   minute   examination   you   will   discover�察  �at   last�察  �the 

manner of handling�察�the artifices of contrast�察�glazing�察�and other expedients�察�

by which good colourists have raised the value of their tints�察�and by which 

nature has been so happily imitated。 

     I must inform you�察�however�察�that old pictures deservedly celebrated for 

their colouring are often so changed by dirt and varnish�察�that we ought not 

to   wonder   if   they   do   not   appear   equal   to   their   reputation   in   the   eyes   of 

unexperienced painters�察�or young students。                  An artist whose judgment is 

matured by long observation�察�considers rather what the picture once was�察�

than what it is at present。         He has acquired a power by habit of seeing the 

brilliancy of   tints through   the cloud   by which   it is   obscured。             An   exact 

imitation�察  �therefore�察  �of   those   pictures�察  �is   likely  to   fill   the   student's   mind 

with false opinions�察�and to send him back a colourist of his own formation�察�

with   ideas   equally   remote   from   nature   and   from   art�察  �from   the   genuine 

practice of the masters and the real appearances of things。 

     Following   these   rules�察  �and   using   these   precautions�察  �when   you   have 

clearly and distinctly learned in what good colouring consists�察�you cannot 



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do better than have recourse to nature herself�察�who is always at hand�察�and 

in comparison of whose true splendour the best coloured pictures are but 

faint and feeble。 

     However�察  �as   the   practice   of   copying   is   not   entirely   to   be   excluded�察�

since the mechanical practice of painting is learned in some measure by it�察�

let those choice parts only be selected which have recommended the work 

to   notice。    If   its   excellence   consists   in   its   general   effect�察  �it   would   be 

proper to make slight sketches of the machinery and general management 

of   the   picture。    Those   sketches   should   be   kept   always   by   you   for   the 

regulation   of   your   style。   Instead   of   copying   the   touches   of   those   great 

masters�察     �copy    only    their   conceptions。       Instead     of   treading    in   their 

footsteps�察  �endeavour   only   to   keep   the   same   road。       Labour   to   invent   on 

their general principles and way of thinking。                Possess yourself with their 

spirit。    Consider      with   yourself    how     a  Michael     Angelo     or  a  Raffaelle 

would have treated this subject�此           �and work yourself into a belief that your 

picture   is   to   be   seen   and   criticised   by   them   when   completed。     Even   an 

attempt of this kind will rouse your powers。 

     But    as   mere    enthusiasm      will   carry    you   but   a   little  way�察  �let  me 

recommend   a   practice   that   may   be   equivalent�察  �and   will   perhaps   more 

efficaciously       contribute     to  your    advancement�察       �than    even    the   verbal 

corrections   of those  masters themselves�察 �could   they  be   obtained。 What   I 

would   propose   is�察  �that   you   should   enter   into   a   kind   of   competition�察  �by 

painting a similar subject�察�and making a companion to any picture that you 

consider as a model。         After you have finished your work�察�place it near the 

model�察�and compare them carefully together。                  You will then not only see�察�

but   feel   your   own   deficiencies   more   sensibly   than   by   precepts�察  �or   any 

other   means   of   instruction。      The true   principles of   painting   will   mingle 

with your thoughts。          Ideas thus fixed by sensible objects�察�will be certain 

and definitive�察�and sinking deep into the mind�察�will not only be more just�察�

but   more   lasting   than   those   presented   to   you   by   precepts   only�此     �which 

will�察�always be fleeting�察�variable�察�and undetermined。 

     This method of comparing your own efforts with those of some great 

master�察�is indeed a severe and mortifying task�察�to which none will submit�察�

but    such   as   have    great   views�察   �with   fortitude    sufficient    to  forego    the 



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gratifications   of   present   vanity   for   future   honour。   When   the   student   has 

succeeded   in   some   measure   to   his   own   satisfaction�察  �and   has   felicitated 

himself on his success�察�to go voluntarily to a tribunal where he knows his 

vanity must be humbled�察�and all self´approbation must vanish�察�requires not 

only great resolution�察�but great humility。            To him�察�however�察�who has the 

Ambition to be a real master�察�the solid satisfaction which proceeds from a 

consciousness of his advancement ��of which seeing his own faults is the 

first step�� will very abundantly compensate for the mortification of present 

disappointment。        There is�察�besides�察�this alleviating circumstance。             Every 

discovery he makes�察�every acquisition of knowledge he attains�察�seems to 

proceed   from   his   own   sagacity�察  �and   thus   he   acquires   a   confidence   in 

himself sufficient to keep up the resolution of perseverance。 

     We    all  must    have   experienced      how    lazily�察 �and   consequently      how 

ineffectually�察�instruction is received when forced upon the mind by others。 

Few     have   been    taught   to  any   purpose     who    have   not   been   their  own 

teachers。     We   prefer   those   instructions   which   we   have   given   ourselves�察�

from   our   affection   to   the   instructor�察  �and   they   are   more   effectual�察  �from 

being   received into   the  mind   at the  very  time   when   it   is   most   open   and 

eager to receive them。 

     With respect to the pictures that you are to choose for your models�察�I 

could wish that you would take the world's opinion rather than your own。 

In other words�察�I would have you choose those of established reputation 

rather than follow your own fancy。            If you should not admire them at first�察�

you will�察�by endeavouring to imitate them�察�find that the world has not been 

mistaken。 

     It is not an easy task to point out those various excellences for your 

imitation which he distributed amongst the various schools。 An endeavour 

to do this may perhaps be the subject of some future discourse。                      I will�察�

therefore�察�at present only recommend a model for style in painting�察�which 

is a branch of the art more immediately  necessary to the young   student。 

Style in painting is the same as in writing�察�a power over materials�察�whether 

words     or   colours�察  �by   which    conceptions      or  sentiments     are  conveyed。 

And in this Lodovico Carrache ��I mean in his best works�� appears to me to 

approach   the   nearest   to  perfection。      His   unaffected   breadth   of   light   and 



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                                SEVEN DISCOURSES 

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