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                            Lays of Ancient Rome 



Lays of Ancient Rome 



         By Thomas Babbington Macaulay 



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                                       Lays of Ancient Rome 



                                        Preface 



     Horatius       The Lay 

     The Battle of the Lake Regillus             The Lay 

     Virginia       The Lay 

     The Prophecy of Capys             The Lay 

       That   what   is   called   the   history   of   the   Kings   and   early   Consuls   of 

Rome is to a great extent fabulous�察�few scholars have�察�since the time of 

Beaufort�察�ventured to deny。 It is certain that�察�more than three hundred and 

sixty years after the date ordinarily assigned for the foundation of the city�察�

the   public   records   were�察  �with   scarcely   an   exception�察  �destroyed   by   the 

Gauls。   It   is  certain   that  the   oldest   annals   of   the  commonwealth         were 

compiled   more   than   a   century   and   a   half   after   this   destruction   of   the 

records。 It is certain�察�therefore�察�that the great Latin writers of the Augustan 

age did not possess those materials�察�without which a trustworthy account 

of the infancy of the republic could not possibly be framed。 Those writers 

own�察�indeed�察�that the chronicles to which they had access were filled with 

battles that were never fought�察�and Consuls that were never inaugurated�察�

and we have abundant proof that�察�in these chronicles�察�events of the greatest 

importance�察�such as the issue of the war with Porsena and the issue of the 

war      with     Brennus�察     �were      grossly     misrepresented。        Under      these 

circumstances   a   wise   man   will   look   with   great   suspicion   on   the   legend 

which   has   come   down   to   us。   He   will   perhaps   be   inclined   to   regard   the 

princes who are said to have founded the civil and religious institutions of 

Rome�察�the sons of Mars�察�and the husband of Egeria�察�as mere mythological 

personages�察�of the same class with Perseus and Ixion。 As he draws nearer 

to the confines of authentic history�察�he will become less and less hard of 

belief。 He will admit   that the most important parts of the narrative have 

some   foundation   in   truth。   But   he   will   distrust   almost   all   the   details�察  �not 

only because they seldom rest on any solid evidence�察�but also because he 

will   constantly   detect   in   them�察  �even   when   they   are   within   the   limits   of 

physical   possibility�察  �that   peculiar   character�察  �more   easily   understood   than 

defined�察  �which   distinguishes   the   creations   of   the   imagination   from   the 

realities of the world in which we live。 



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                                       Lays of Ancient Rome 



     The early history of Rome is indeed far more poetical than anything 

else in   Latin literature。 The loves   of the Vestal   and   the   God   of War�察 �the 

cradle     laid  among      the  reeds    of  Tiber�察  �the   fig´tree�察  �the   she´wolf�察   �the 

shepherd's   cabin�察  �the   recognition�察  �the   fratricide�察 �the   rape   of   the   Sabines�察�

the death of Tarpeia�察 �the fall of Hostus   Hostilius�察�the struggle of   Mettus 

Curtius   through   the   marsh�察  �the   women   rushing   with   torn   raiment   and 

dishevelled      hair   between     their  fathers    and   their  husbands�察     �the  nightly 

meetings   of   Numa   and   the   Nymph   by   the   well   in   the   sacred   grove�察  �the 

fight    of  the   three   Romans      and   the  three   Albans�察    �the  purchase     of  the 

Sibylline books�察�the crime of Tullia�察�the simulated madness of Brutus�察�the 

ambiguous   reply   of   the   Delphian   oracle   to   the   Tarquins�察  �the   wrongs   of 

Lucretia�察�the heroic actions of Horatius Cocles�察�of Scaevola�察�and of Cloelia�察�

the battle of Regillus won by the aid of Castor and Pollux�察�the defense of 

Cremera�察�the touching story of Coriolanus�察�the still more touching story of 

Virginia�察�the wild legend about the draining of the Alban lake�察�the combat 

between   Valerius       Corvus   and     the   gigantic   Gaul�察  �are   among   the     many 

instances which will at once suggest themselves to every reader。 

     In   the   narrative   of   Livy�察  �who   was   a   man   of   fine   imagination�察  �these 

stories retain much of their genuine character。 Nor could even the tasteless 

Dionysius distort and mutilate them into mere prose。 The poetry shines�察�in 

spite    of  him�察   �through    the   dreary    pedantry     of  his  eleven    books。    It  is 

discernible in the most tedious and in the most superficial modern works 

on   the   early   times   of   Rome。   It   enlivens   the   dulness   of   the    Universal 

History�察    �and    gives    a   charm     to   the   most     meagre     abridgements        of 

Goldsmith。 

     Even in the   age of   Plutarch there   were   discerning   men   who   rejected 

the   popular   account   of   the   foundation   of   Rome�察  �because   that   account 

appeared to them to have the air�察�not of a history�察�but of a romance or a 

drama。     Plutarch�察   �who     was   displeased     at  their  incredulity�察   �had    nothing 

better to say in reply to their arguments than that chance sometimes turns 

poet�察�and produces trains of events not to be distinguished from the most 

elaborate plots which are constructed by art。 But though the existence of a 

poetical   element   in   the   early   history   of   the   Great   City   was   detected   so 

many ages ago�察�the first critic who distinctly saw from what source that 



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                                       Lays of Ancient Rome 



poetical element had been derived was James Perizonius�察�one of the most 

acute and learned antiquaries of the seventeenth century。 His theory�察�which 

in   his   own   days   attracted   little   or   no   notice�察  �was   revived   in   the   present 

generation by Niebuhr�察�a man who would have been the first writer of his 

time�察�if   his talent   for   communicating truths   had borne any  proportion   to 

his talent for investigating them。 That theory has been adopted by several 

eminent   scholars   of   our   own   country�察  �particularly   by   the   Bishop   of   St。 

David's�察�by Professor Malde�察�and by the lamented Arnold。 It appears to be 

now   generally   received   by   men   conversant   with   classical   antiquity�察  �and 

indeed it rests on such strong proofs�察�both internal and external�察�that it will 

not   be   easily   subverted。 A  popular   exposition   of   this   theory�察  �and   of   the 

evidence by  which   it   is supported�察  �may  not   be   without interest   even   for 

readers who are unacquainted with the ancient languages。 

     The Latin literature which has come down to us is of later date than 

the    commencement          of  the   Second      Punic    War�察   �and   consists    almost 

exclusively of works fashioned on Greek models。 The Latin metres�察�heroic�察�

elegiac�察�lyric�察�and dramatic�察�are of Greek origin。 The best Latin epic poetry 

is the feeble echo of the Iliad   and Odyssey。 The best Latin eclogues   are 

imitations of Theocritus。 The plan of the most finished didactic poem in 

the   Latin   tongue   was   taken   from   Hesiod。   The   Latin   tragedies   are   bad 

copies     of   the   masterpieces      of   Sophocles      and   Euripides。     The    Latin 

philosophy   was   borrowed�察  �without   alteration�察  �from   the   Portico   and   the 

Academy�察�and the great Latin orators constantly proposed to themselves as 

patterns the speeches of Demosthenes and Lysias。 

     But there was an earlier Latin literature�察�a literature truly Latin�察�which 

has    wholly    perished�察   �which    had�察  �indeed    almost    wholly     perished    long 

befo

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