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has    wholly    perished�察   �which    had�察  �indeed    almost    wholly     perished    long 

before those whom we are in the habit of regarding as the greatest Latin 

writers were born。 That literature abounded with metrical romances�察�such 

as    are   found    in  every    country     where     there   is  much     curiosity    and 

intelligence�察�but little reading and writing。 All human beings�察�not utterly 

savage�察�long for some information about past times�察�and are delighted by 

narratives which present pictures to the eye of the mind。 But it is only in 

very enlightened communities that books are readily accessible。 Metrical 

composition�察      �therefore�察   �which�察   �in  a  highly   civilized    nation�察  �is  a  mere 



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luxury�察�is�察�in nations imperfectly civilized�察�almost a necessary of life�察�and 

is valued less on account of the pleasure which it gives to the ear�察�than on 

account of the help which it gives to the memory。 A man who can invent 

or embellish an interesting story�察�and put it into a form which others may 

easily   retain   in   their   recollection�察  �will   always   be   highly   esteemed   by   a 

people   eager   for   amusement   and   information�察  �but   destitute   of   libraries。 

Such     is  the   origin   of   ballad´poetry�察    �a  species    of  composition      which 

scarcely ever fails to spring up and flourish in every society�察�at a certain 

point   in   the   progress   towards   refinement。   Tacitus   informs   us   that   songs 

were the only memorials of the past which the ancient Germans possessed。 

We   learn   from   Lucan   and   from   Ammianus   Marcellinus   that   the   brave 

actions of the ancient Gauls were commemorated in the verses of Bards。 

During   many  ages�察  �and  through   many  revolution�察 �minstrelsy  retained   its 

influence     over    both   the  Teutonic     and   the  Celtic   race。   The    vengeance 

exacted by the spouse of Attila for the murder of Siegfried was celebrated 

in   rhymes�察    �of   which    Germany       is  still  justly  proud。    The   exploits    of 

Athelstane were commemorated by the Anglo´Saxons and those of Canute 

by the Danes�察�in rude poems�察�of which a few fragments have come down 

to us。 The chants of the Welsh harpers preserved�察�through ages of darkness�察�

a faint and doubtful memory of Arthur。 In the Highlands of Scotland may 

still be gleaned some relics of the old songs about Cuthullin and Fingal。 

The long struggle of the Servians against the Ottoman power was recorded 

in lays full of martial spirit。 We learn from Herrera that�察�when a Peruvian 

Inca died�察�men of skill were appointed to celebrate him in verses�察�which 

all the people learned by heart�察�and sang in public on days of festival。 The 

feats of Kurroglou�察�the great freebooter of Turkistan�察�recounted in ballads 

composed       by   himself�察   �are  known     in  every   village    of  northern    Persia。 

Captain Beechey heard the bards of the Sandwich Islands recite the heroic 

achievements of Tamehameha�察�the most illustrious of their kings。 Mungo 

Park found in the heart of Africa a class of singing men�察�the only annalists 

of   their   rude   tribes�察  �and   heard   them   tell   the   story   of   the   victory   which 

Damel�察     �the   negro    prince    of   the   Jaloffs�察  �won    over    Abdulkader�察     �the 

Mussulman tyrant of Foota Torra。 This species of poetry attained a high 

degree   of   excellence   among   the   Castilians�察  �before   they   began   to   copy 



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Tuscan patterns。 It attained a still higher degree of excellence among the 

English   and   the   Lowland   Scotch�察  �during   the   fourteenth�察  �fifteenth�察  �and 

sixteenth centuries。 But it reached its full perfection in ancient Greece�察�for 

there can be no doubt that the great Homeric poems are generically ballads�察�

though      widely    distinguished      from    all  other   ballads�察   �and   indeed    from 

almost      all  other   human      composition�察      �by   transcendent      sublimity     and 

beauty。 

     As it is agreeable to general experience that�察�at a certain stage in the 

progress of society�察�ballad´poetry should flourish�察�so is it also agreeable to 

general experience that�察�at a subsequent stage in the progress of society�察�

ballad´poetry should be undervalued and neglected。 Knowledge advances�察�

manners   change�察  �great   foreign   models   of   composition   are   studied   and 

imitated。   The   phraseology   of   the   old   minstrels   becomes   obsolete。   Their 

versification�察�which�察�having received its laws only from the ear�察�abounds 

in   irregularities�察  �seems   licentious   and   uncouth。   Their   simplicity   appears 

beggarly   when   compared   with   the   quaint   forms   and   gaudy   coloring   of 

such artists as Cowley and Gongora。 The ancient lays�察�unjustly despised 

by the learned and polite�察�linger for a time in the memory of the vulgar�察�

and are at length too often irretrievably lost。 We cannot wonder that the 

ballads of Rome should have altogether disappeared�察�when we remember 

how very narrowly�察�in spite of the invention of printing�察�those of our own 

country  and   those of   Spain   escaped   the   same   fate。 There   is   indeed   little 

doubt   that   oblivion   covers   many   English   songs   equal   to   any   that   were 

published by Bishop Percy�察�and many Spanish songs as good as the best of 

those which have been so happily translated by Mr。 Lockhart。 Eighty years 

ago   England   possessed  only  one   tattered   copy  of   Childe Waters   and   Sir 

Cauline�察�and Spain only one tattered copy of the noble poem of the Cid。 

The   snuff   of   a   candle�察  �or   a   mischievous   dog�察  �might   in   a   moment   have 

deprived the world forever of any of those fine compositions。 Sir Walter 

Scott�察  �who   united   to   the   fire   of   a   great   poet   the   minute   curiosity   and 

patient   diligence   of   a   great   antiquary�察  �was   but   just   in   time   to   save   the 

precious relics of the Minstrelsy of the Border。 In Germany�察�the lay of the 

Nibelungs had been long utterly forgotten�察�when�察�in the eighteenth century�察�

it was�察�for the first time�察�printed from a manuscript in the old library of a 



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noble family。 In truth�察�the only people who�察�through their whole passage 

from simplicity to the highest civilization�察�never for a moment ceased to 

love and admire their old ballads�察�were the Greeks。 

     That   the   early   Romans   should   have   had   ballad´poetry�察  �and   that   this 

poetry   should   have   perished�察  �is   therefore   not   strange。   It   would�察  �on   the 

contrary�察�have been strange if these things had not come to pass�察�and we 

should be justified in pronouncing them highly probable even if we had no 

direct     evidence     on    the   subject。    But    we    have    direct    evidence     of 

unquestionable authority。 

     Ennius�察  �who   flourished   in   the   time   of   the   Second   Punic   War�察  �was 

regarded in the Augustan age as the father of Latin poetry。 He was�察�in truth�察�

the father of the second school of Latin poetry�察�the only school of which 

the works have  descended   to   us。  But from  Ennius himself  we  learn  that 

there were poets who stood to him in the same relation in which the author 

of the romance of Count Alarcos stood to Garcilaso�察�or the author of the 

Lytell   Geste   of   Robyn   Hode   to   Lord   Surrey。   Ennius   speaks   of   verses 

which the Fauns and the Bards were wont to chant in the old time�察�when 

none had yet studied the graces of speech�察�when none had

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