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chronicle appear to have been the intermediate links which connected the 

lost ballads with the histories now extant。 From a very early period it was 

the   usage   that   an   oration   should   be   pronounced   over   the   remains   of   a 

noble   Roman。   The   orator�察  �as   we   learn   from   Polybius�察  �was   expected�察  �on 

such occasions�察�to recapitulate all the services which the ancestors of the 

deceased      had�察   �from    the  earliest   time�察  �rendered     to   the  commonwealth。 

There can be little doubt that the speaker on whom this duty was imposed 

would make use of all the stories suited to his purpose which were to be 

found in the popular lays。 There can be as little doubt that the family of an 

eminent      man     would     preserve    a   copy    of  the   speech     which    had    been 

pronounced over his corpse。 The compilers of the early chronicles would 

have recourse to these speeches�察�and the great historians of a later period 

would have recourse to the chronicles。 

     It   may   be   worth   while   to   select   a   particular   story�察  �and   to   trace   its 

probable progress through these stages。 The description of the migration 

of   the   Fabian   house   to   Cremera   is   one   of   the   finest   of   the   many   fine 

passages which lie thick in the earlier books of Livy。 The Consul�察�clad in 

his military garb�察�stands in the vestibule of his house�察�marshalling his clan�察�

three hundred and six fighting men�察�all of the same proud patrician blood�察�

all worthy to be attended by the fasces�察�and to command the legions。 A sad 

and   anxious   retinue   of   friends   accompanies   the   adventurers   through   the 

streets�察�but the voice of lamentation is drowned by the shouts of admiring 

thousands。   As   the   procession   passes   the   Capitol�察  �prayers   and   vows   are 

poured   forth�察 �but   in   vain。 The   devoted band�察 �leaving   Janus on the   right�察�

marches to its doom�察�through the Gate of Evil Luck。 After achieving high 

deeds of valor against overwhelming numbers�察�all perish save one child�察�

the stock from which the great Fabian race was destined again to spring�察�



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for the safety and glory of the commonwealth。 That this fine romance�察�the 

details of which are so full of poetical truth�察�and so utterly destitute of all 

show of historical truth�察�came originally from some lay which had often 

been     sung   with    great   applause    at  banquets     is  in  the   highest    degree 

probable。 Nor is it difficult to imagine a mode in which the transmission 

might   have   taken   place。   The   celebrated   Quintus   Fabius   Maximus�察  �who 

died about twenty years before the First Punic War�察�and more than forty 

years     before    Ennius    was    born�察  �is  said   to   have    been    interred   with 

extraordinary pomp。 In the eulogy pronounced over his body all the great 

exploits   of   his   ancestors   were   doubtless   recounted   and   exaggerated。   If 

there were then extant songs which gave a vivid and touching description 

of an event�察�the saddest and the most glorious in the long history of the 

Fabian     house�察  �nothing   could   be   more   natural   than   that   the   panegyrist 

should borrow from such songs their finest touches�察�in order to adorn his 

speech。 A few generations later the songs would perhaps be forgotten�察�or 

remembered   only   by   shepherds   and   vinedressers。   But   the   speech   would 

certainly be preserved in the archives of the Fabian nobles。 Fabius Pictor 

would be well acquainted with a document so interesting to his personal 

feelings�察�and would insert large extracts from it in his rude chronicle。 That 

chronicle�察  �as   we   know�察  �was   the   oldest   to   which   Livy   had   access。   Livy 

would at a glance distinguish the bold strokes of the forgotten poet from 

the   dull   and   feeble   narrative    by   which    they   were    surrounded�察    �would 

retouch them with a delicate and powerful pencil�察�and would make them 

immortal。 

     That     this  might    happen     at   Rome     can   scarcely    be   doubted�察    �for 

something   very   like   this   has   happened   in   several   countries�察  �and�察  �among 

others�察  �in   our   own。   Perhaps   the   theory   of   Perizonius   cannot   be   better 

illustrated than by showing that what he supposes to have taken place in 

ancient times has�察�beyond all doubt�察�taken place in modern times。 

     ``History��'' says   Hume with   the utmost gravity�察 �`has   preserved   some 

instances   of   Edgar's   amours�察  �from   which�察  �as   from   a   specimen�察  �we   may 

form a conjecture of the rest。'' He then tells very agreeably the stories of 

Elfleda     and   Elfrida�察  �two   stories   which    have   a  most    suspicious    air  of 

romance�察�ad which�察�indeed�察�greatly resemble�察�in their character�察�some of 



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the legends of early Rome。 He cites�察�as his authority for these two tales�察�

the   chronicle of William  of   Malmesbury�察 �who   lived   in the   time   of   King 

Stephen。 The great majority of readers suppose that the device by which 

Elfleda     was    substituted    for   her  young     mistress�察   �the  artifice   by   which 

Athelwold obtained the hand of Elfrida�察�the detection of that artifice�察�the 

hunting   party�察  �and   the   vengeance   of   the   amorous   king�察  �are   things   about 

which there is no more doubt than about the execution of Anne Boleyn�察�or 

the slitting of Sir John Coventry's nose。 But when we turn to William of 

Malmesbury�察�we find that Hume�察�in his eagerness to relate these pleasant 

fables�察  �has   overlooked   one   very   important   circumstance。   William   does 

indeed tell both the stories�察�but he gives us distinct notice that he does not 

warrant their  truth�察 �and that   they  rest on   no   better  authority  than that of 

ballads。 

     Such     is  the  way    in   which    these   two    well´known       tales  have    been 

handed   down。   They   originally   appeared   in   a   poetical   form。   They   found 

their   way   from   ballads   into   an   old   chronicle。   The   ballads   perished�察  �the 

chronicle remained。 A great historian�察�some centuries after the ballads had 

been   altogether   forgotten�察 �consulted   the   chronicle。  He   was   struck   by  the 

lively coloring of these ancient fictions�此�he transferred them to his pages�察�

and thus we find inserted�察�as unquestionable facts�察�in a narrative which is 

likely to last as long as the English tongue�察�the inventions of some minstrel 

whose works were probably never committed to writing�察�whose name is 

buried in oblivion�察�and whose dialect has become obsolete。 It must�察�then�察�

be   admitted   to   be   possible�察 �or   rather   highly  probable�察  �that   the   stories   of 

Romulus   and   Remus�察  �and   of   the   Horatii   and   Curiatti�察  �may   have   had   a 

similar origin。 

     Castilian literature will furnish us with another parallel case。 Mariana�察�

the classical   historian of   Spain�察 �tells the  story  of the  ill´starred   marriage 

which the King Don Alonso brought about between the heirs of Carrion 

and the two daughters of the Cid。 The Cid bestowed a princely dower on 

the sons´in´law。 But   the young   men were   base and   proud�察�cowardly  and 

cruel。 They were tried in danger�察�and found wanting。 They fled before the 

Moors�察�and once�察�when a lion broke out of his den�察�they ran and crouched 

in an unseemly hiding´place。 They knew that they were despised�察�and took 



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counsel how they might be avenged。 They parted from their fath

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