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quite otherwise�拭�

    ALCIBIADES�此�Why�察�Socrates�察�how is that possible�拭�I must have been 

mistaken。 

     SOCRATES�此  �So   it   seems   to   me。   But   perhaps   we   may   consider   the 

matter thus�此�

    ALCIBIADES�此�How�拭�

     SOCRATES�此�I will tell you。 We think that some are sick�察�do we not�拭�

    ALCIBIADES�此�Yes。 

     SOCRATES�此�And must every sick person either have the gout�察�or be in 

a   fever�察  �or   suffer   from   ophthalmia�拭  �Or   do   you   believe   that   a   man   may 

labour   under   some   other   disease�察  �even   although   he   has   none   of   these 

complaints�拭�Surely�察�they are not the only maladies which exist�拭�

    ALCIBIADES�此�Certainly not。 

     SOCRATES�此�And is every kind of ophthalmia a disease�拭�

    ALCIBIADES�此�Yes。 

     SOCRATES�此�And every disease ophthalmia�拭�

    ALCIBIADES�此  �Surely   not。   But   I   scarcely   understand   what   I   mean 

myself。 

     SOCRATES�此�Perhaps�察�if you give me your best attention�察�'two of us' 

looking together�察�we may find what we seek。 

    ALCIBIADES�此�I am attending�察�Socrates�察�to the best of my power。 

     SOCRATES�此�We are agreed�察�then�察�that every form of ophthalmia is a 

disease�察�but not every disease ophthalmia�拭�

    ALCIBIADES�此�We are。 

     SOCRATES�此  �And   so   far   we   seem   to   be   right。   For   every   one   who 

suffers from a fever is sick�察�but the sick�察�I conceive�察�do not all have fever 

or   gout   or  ophthalmia�察    �although    each   of  these   is  a  disease�察 �which�察�

according     to  those  whom   we     call  physicians�察  �may   require   a  different 



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treatment。 They are not all alike�察�nor do they produce the same result�察�but 

each has its own effect�察�and yet they are all diseases。 May we not take an 

illustration from the artizans�拭�

     ALCIBIADES�此�Certainly。 

     SOCRATES�此        �There    are  cobblers    and   carpenters    and   sculptors    and 

others   of   all   sorts   and   kinds�察  �whom   we   need   not   stop   to   enumerate。 All 

have   their   distinct   employments   and   all   are   workmen�察 �although they  are 

not all of them cobblers or carpenters or sculptors。 

     ALCIBIADES�此�No�察�indeed。 

     SOCRATES�此�And in like manner men differ in regard to want of sense。 

Those   who   are   most   out   of   their   wits   we   call   'madmen��'   while   we   term 

those   who   are   less   far   gone   'stupid'   or   'idiotic��'   or�察  �if   we   prefer   gentler 

language�察  �describe   them   as   'romantic'   or   'simple´minded��'   or�察  �again�察  �as 

'innocent' or 'inexperienced' or 'foolish。' You may even find other names�察�if 

you seek for them�察�but by all of them lack of sense is intended。 They only 

differ as one art appeared to us to differ from another or one disease from 

another。 Or what is your opinion�拭�

     ALCIBIADES�此�I agree with you。 

     SOCRATES�此�Then let us return to the point at which we digressed。 We 

said at first that we should have to consider who were the wise and who 

the foolish。 For we acknowledged that there are these two classes�拭�Did we 

not�拭�

     ALCIBIADES�此�To be sure。 

     SOCRATES�此�And you regard those as sensible who know what ought 

to be done or said�拭�

     ALCIBIADES�此�Yes。 

     SOCRATES�此�The senseless are those who do not know this�拭�

     ALCIBIADES�此�True。 

     SOCRATES�此  �The   latter   will   say   or   do   what   they   ought   not   without 

their own knowledge�拭�

     ALCIBIADES�此�Exactly。 

     SOCRATES�此  �Oedipus�察  �as   I   was   saying�察�Alcibiades�察  �was   a   person   of 

this   sort。   And   even   now´a´days   you   will   find   many   who   ��have   offered 

inauspicious   prayers���察  �although�察  �unlike   him�察  �they   were   not   in   anger   nor 



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thought that they were asking evil。 He neither sought�察�nor supposed that he 

sought for good�察�but others have had quite the contrary notion。 I believe 

that if the God whom you are about to consult should appear to you�察�and�察�

in anticipation of your request�察�enquired whether you would be contented 

to become tyrant of Athens�察�and if this seemed in your eyes a small and 

mean thing�察�should   add to it   the dominion   of all Hellas�察  �and seeing  that 

even then you would not be satisfied unless you were ruler of the whole of 

Europe�察  �should      promise�察   �not   only   that�察 �but�察 �if   you  so  desired�察 �should 

proclaim to all mankind in one and the same day that Alcibiades�察�son of 

Cleinias�察�was tyrant��in such a case�察�I imagine�察�you would depart full of 

joy�察�as one who had obtained the greatest of goods。 

     ALCIBIADES�此�And not only I�察�Socrates�察�but any one else who should 

meet with such luck。 

     SOCRATES�此�Yet you would not accept the dominion and lordship of 

all the Hellenes and all the barbarians in exchange for your life�拭�

     ALCIBIADES�此�Certainly not�此�for then what use could I make of them�拭�

     SOCRATES�此�And   would   you   accept   them   if   you   were   likely   to   use 

them to a bad and mischievous end�拭�

     ALCIBIADES�此�I would not。 

     SOCRATES�此  �You   see   that   it   is   not   safe   for   a   man   either   rashly   to 

accept whatever is offered him�察�or himself to request a thing�察�if he is likely 

to suffer thereby or immediately to lose his life。 And yet we could tell of 

many who�察�having long desired and diligently laboured to obtain a tyranny�察�

thinking   that   thus   they   would   procure   an   advantage�察  �have   nevertheless 

fallen    victims    to  designing     enemies。    You    must    have   heard    of  what 

happened only the other day�察�how Archelaus of Macedonia was slain by 

his beloved ��compare Aristotle�察�Pol。���察�whose love for the tyranny was not 

less than that of Archelaus for him。 The tyrannicide expected by his crime 

to   become   tyrant   and   afterwards   to   have   a   happy   life�察  �but   when   he   had 

held the tyranny three or four days�察�he was in his turn conspired against 

and slain。 Or look at certain of our own citizens��and of their actions we 

have    been    not  hearers�察  �but   eyewitnesses��who       have   desired   to  obtain 

military command�此�of those who have gained their object�察�some are even 

to this day exiles from the city�察�while others have lost their lives。 And even 



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they who seem to have fared best�察�have not only gone through many perils 

and terrors during their office�察�but after their return home they have been 

beset by informers worse than they once were by their foes�察�insomuch that 

several   of them  have   wished   that they  had   remained in   a private   station 

rather than have had the glories of command。 If�察�indeed�察�such perils and 

terrors   were   of   profit   to   the   commonwealth�察  �there   would   be   reason   in 

undergoing them�察�but the very contrary is the case。 Again�察�you will find 

persons who have prayed for offspring�察�and when their prayers were heard�察�

have fallen into the greatest pains and sufferings。 For some have begotten 

children who were utterly bad�察�and have therefore passed all their days in 

misery�察�while the parents of good children have undergone the misfortune 

of   losing them�察 �and   have   been so little happier   than   the others   that  they 

would have preferred never to have had children rather than to have had 

them   and   lost   them。 And   yet�察  �although   these   and   the   like   examples   are 

manifest and known of all�察�it is rare to find any one who has refused what 

has   been   offered   him�察  �or�察  �if   he   were   likely   to   gain   aught   by  prayer�察  �has 

refrained     from   making     his   petition。   The   mass    of  mankind      would    

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