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refrained     from   making     his   petition。   The   mass    of  mankind      would    not 

decline   to   accept   a   tyranny�察  �or   the   command   of   an   army�察  �or   any   of   the 

numerous things which cause more harm than good�此�but rather�察�if they had 

them not�察�would have prayed to obtain them。 And often in a short space of 

time they change their tone�察�and wish their old prayers unsaid。 Wherefore 

also I suspect that men are entirely wrong when they blame the gods as the 

authors     of  the   ills  which   befall   them    ��compare     Republic���此    �'their  own 

presumption��' or folly ��whichever is the right word�� 

     'Has brought these unmeasured woes upon them。' ��Homer。 Odyss。�� 

     He must have been a wise poet�察�Alcibiades�察�who�察�seeing as I believe�察�

his friends foolishly praying for and doing things which would not really 

profit them�察�offered up a common prayer in behalf of them all�此�

     'King Zeus�察�grant us good whether prayed for or unsought by us�察�But 

that which we ask amiss�察�do thou avert。' ��The author of these lines�察�which 

are probably  of Pythagorean   origin�察�is   unknown。 They  are found   also in 

the Anthology ��Anth。 Pal。��。�� 

     In   my   opinion�察 �I   say�察 �the   poet   spoke  both   well   and   prudently�察  �but   if 

you have anything to say in answer to him�察�speak out。 



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    ALCIBIADES�此�It is difficult�察�Socrates�察�to oppose what has been well 

said。 And I perceive how many are the ills of which ignorance is the cause�察�

since�察  �as   would   appear�察  �through   ignorance   we   not   only   do�察  �but   what   is 

worse�察�pray for the greatest evils。 No man would imagine that he would do 

so�察�he would rather suppose that he was quite capable of praying for what 

was best�此�to call down evils seems more like a curse than a prayer。 

     SOCRATES�此  �But   perhaps�察  �my   good   friend�察  �some   one   who   is   wiser 

than either you or I will say that we have no right to blame ignorance thus 

rashly�察�unless we can add what ignorance we mean and of what�察�and also 

to whom and how it is respectively a good or an evil�拭�

    ALCIBIADES�此�How do you mean�拭�Can ignorance possibly be better 

than knowledge for any person in any conceivable case�拭�

     SOCRATES�此�So I believe��you do not think so�拭�

    ALCIBIADES�此�Certainly not。 

     SOCRATES�此�And yet surely I   may  not suppose that you would   ever 

wish to act towards your mother as they say that Orestes and Alcmeon and 

others have done towards their parent。 

    ALCIBIADES�此�Good words�察�Socrates�察�prithee。 

     SOCRATES�此�You ought not to bid him use auspicious words�察�who says 

that you would not be willing to commit so horrible a deed�察�but rather him 

who     affirms  the   contrary�察 �if  the  act  appear   to  you   unfit  even   to  be 

mentioned。  Or  do   you   think   that   Orestes�察  �had  he  been   in his   senses   and 

knew what was best for him to do�察�would ever have dared to venture on 

such a crime�拭�

    ALCIBIADES�此�Certainly not。 

     SOCRATES�此�Nor would any one else�察�I fancy�拭�

    ALCIBIADES�此�No。 

     SOCRATES�此�That ignorance is bad then�察�it would appear�察�which is of 

the best and does not know what is best�拭�

    ALCIBIADES�此�So I think�察�at least。 

     SOCRATES�此�And both to the person who is ignorant and everybody 

else�拭�

    ALCIBIADES�此�Yes。 

     SOCRATES�此        �Let   us  take   another   case。   Suppose     that  you   were 



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suddenly to get into your head that it would be a good thing to kill Pericles�察�

your kinsman and guardian�察�and were to seize a sword and�察�going to the 

doors of his house�察�were to enquire if he were at home�察�meaning to slay 

only him and no one else��the servants reply�察�'Yes'�此。�Mind�察�I do not mean 

that you would really do such a thing�察�but there is nothing�察�you think�察�to 

prevent a man who is ignorant of the best�察�having occasionally the whim 

that what is worst is best�拭�

    ALCIBIADES�此�No。�� 

     SOCRATES��If�察       �then�察 �you  went   indoors�察  �and   seeing  him�察  �did  not 

know him�察�but thought that he was some one else�察�would you venture to 

slay him�拭�

    ALCIBIADES�此�Most decidedly not ��it seems to me��。 ��These words are 

omitted in several MSS。�� 

     SOCRATES�此�For   you   designed   to   kill�察 �not   the   first   who   offered�察 �but 

Pericles himself�拭�

    ALCIBIADES�此�Certainly。 

     SOCRATES�此�And if you made many attempts�察�and each time failed to 

recognize Pericles�察�you would never attack him�拭�

    ALCIBIADES�此�Never。 

     SOCRATES�此�Well�察  �but   if   Orestes   in   like   manner   had   not   known   his 

mother�察�do you think that he would ever have laid hands upon her�拭�

    ALCIBIADES�此�No。 

     SOCRATES�此�He did not intend to slay the first woman he came across�察�

nor any one else's mother�察�but only his own�拭�

    ALCIBIADES�此�True。 

     SOCRATES�此  �Ignorance�察  �then�察  �is   better   for   those   who   are   in   such   a 

frame of mind�察�and have such ideas�拭�

    ALCIBIADES�此�Obviously。 

     SOCRATES�此�You acknowledge that for some persons in certain cases 

the ignorance of some things is a good and not an evil�察�as you formerly 

supposed�拭�

    ALCIBIADES�此�I do。 

     SOCRATES�此�And   there   is   still   another   case   which   will   also   perhaps 

appear    strange   to  you�察 �if  you  will  consider    it�拭 。�The  reading   is  here 



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uncertain。�� 

    ALCIBIADES�此�What is that�察�Socrates�拭�

     SOCRATES�此�It may be�察�in short�察�that the possession of all the sciences�察�

if unaccompanied by the knowledge of the best�察�will more often than not 

injure   the   possessor。   Consider   the   matter   thus��Must   we   not�察  �when   we 

intend   either   to   do   or   say   anything�察  �suppose   that   we   know   or   ought   to 

know that which we propose so confidently to do or say�拭�

    ALCIBIADES�此�Yes�察�in my opinion。 

     SOCRATES�此�We may take the orators for an example�察�who from time 

to time   advise us   about   war   and peace�察 �or   the building of   walls   and  the 

construction of harbours�察�whether they understand the business in hand�察�or 

only think that they do。 Whatever the city�察�in a word�察�does to another city�察�

or in the management of her own affairs�察�all happens by the counsel of the 

orators。 

    ALCIBIADES�此�True。 

     SOCRATES�此�But now see what follows�察�if I can ��make it clear to you��。 

��Some words appear to have dropped out here。�� You would distinguish the 

wise from the foolish�拭�ALCIBIADES�此�Yes。 

     SOCRATES�此�The many are foolish�察�the few wise�拭�

    ALCIBIADES�此�Certainly。 

     SOCRATES�此       �And    you  use   both  the  terms�察  �'wise'  and   'foolish��'  in 

reference to something�拭�

    ALCIBIADES�此�I do。 

     SOCRATES�此�Would you call a person wise who can give advice�察�but 

does not know whether or when it is better to carry out the advice�拭�

    ALCIBIADES�此�Decidedly not。 

     SOCRATES�此�Nor again�察�I suppose�察�a person who knows the art of war�察�

but does not know whether it is better to go to war or for how long�拭�

    ALCIBIADES�此�No。 

     SOCRATES�此�Nor�察�once more�察�a person who knows how to kill another 

or to take away his property or to drive him from his native land�察�but not 

when it is better to do so or for whom it is better�拭�

    ALCIBIADES�此�Certainly not。 

     SOCRATES�此�But he who understands anything of the kind and has at 



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the same   time   the   knowledge   of   the   best   course of   action��and   the   best 

and the useful are surely the same�拭�

     ALCIBIADES�此�Yes。 

     SOCRATES��Such   an   one�察 �

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