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and the useful are surely the same�拭�

     ALCIBIADES�此�Yes。 

     SOCRATES��Such   an   one�察  �I   say�察  �we   should   call   wise   and   a   useful 

adviser both of himself and of the city。 What do you think�拭�

     ALCIBIADES�此�I agree。 

     SOCRATES�此�And if any one knows how to ride or to shoot with the 

bow or to box or to wrestle�察�or to engage in any other sort of contest or to 

do anything whatever which is in the nature of an art��what do you call 

him who knows what is best according to that art�拭�Do you not speak of 

one who knows what is best in riding as a good rider�拭�

     ALCIBIADES�此�Yes。 

     SOCRATES�此�And   in   a   similar   way   you   speak   of   a   good   boxer   or   a 

good flute´ player or a good performer in any other art�拭�

     ALCIBIADES�此�True。 

     SOCRATES�此�But is it necessary that the man who is clever in any of 

these arts should be wise also in general�拭�Or is there a difference between 

the clever artist and the wise man�拭�

     ALCIBIADES�此�All the difference in the world。 

     SOCRATES�此  �And   what   sort   of   a   state   do   you   think   that   would   be 

which was   composed   of   good   archers   and   flute´players   and   athletes   and 

masters   in   other   arts�察  �and   besides   them   of   those   others   about   whom   we 

spoke�察�who knew how to go to war and how to kill�察�as well as of orators 

puffed up with political pride�察�but in which not one of them all had this 

knowledge of the best�察�and there was no one who could tell when it was 

better to apply any of these arts or in regard to whom�拭�

     ALCIBIADES�此�I should call such a state bad�察�Socrates。 

     SOCRATES�此         �You    certainly   would    when     you   saw    each   of   them 

rivalling   the   other   and   esteeming   that   of   the   greatest   importance   in   the 

state�察�'Wherein he himself most excelled。' ��Euripides�察�Antiope。�� 

     I mean that which was best in any art�察�while he was entirely ignorant 

of what was best for himself and for the state�察�because�察�as I think�察�he trusts 

to opinion which is devoid of intelligence。 In such a case should we not be 

right if we said that the state would be full of anarchy and lawlessness�拭�



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    ALCIBIADES�此�Decidedly。 

    SOCRATES�此�But ought we not then�察�think you�察�either to fancy that we 

know or really to know�察�what we confidently propose to do or say�拭�

    ALCIBIADES�此�Yes。 

    SOCRATES�此�And if a person does that which he knows or supposes 

that he knows�察�and the result is beneficial�察�he will act advantageously both 

for himself and for the state�拭�

    ALCIBIADES�此�True。 

    SOCRATES�此  �And   if   he   do   the   contrary�察  �both   he   and   the   state   will 

suffer�拭�

    ALCIBIADES�此�Yes。 

    SOCRATES�此�Well�察�and are you of the same mind�察�as before�拭�

    ALCIBIADES�此�I am。 

    SOCRATES�此�But were you not saying that you would call the many 

unwise and the few wise�拭�

    ALCIBIADES�此�I was。 

    SOCRATES�此�And have we not come back to our old assertion that the 

many fail to obtain the best because they trust to opinion which is devoid 

of intelligence�拭�

    ALCIBIADES�此�That is the case。 

    SOCRATES�此�It is good�察�then�察�for the many�察�if they particularly desire 

to do that which they know or suppose that they know�察�neither to know nor 

to suppose that they know�察�in cases where if they carry out their ideas in 

action they will be losers rather than gainers�拭�

    ALCIBIADES�此�What you say is very true。 

    SOCRATES�此�Do you not see that I was really speaking the truth when 

I affirmed that the possession of any other kind of knowledge was more 

likely   to  injure  than  to  benefit  the  possessor�察  �unless   he  had  also  the 

knowledge of the best�拭�

    ALCIBIADES�此�I do now�察�if I did not before�察�Socrates。 

    SOCRATES�此�The state or the soul�察�therefore�察�which wishes to have a 

right existence must   hold firmly to   this knowledge�察�just   as the sick  man 

clings to the physician�察�or the passenger depends for safety on the pilot。 

And if the soul does not set sail until she have obtained this she will be all 



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the   safer   in   the   voyage   through   life。   But   when   she   rushes   in   pursuit   of 

wealth or  bodily strength or   anything else�察 �not having the  knowledge  of 

the best�察�so much the more is she likely to meet with misfortune。 And he 

who     has   the   love   of  learning    ��Or�察  �reading    polumatheian�察     �'abundant 

learning。'���察�and is skilful in many arts�察�and does not possess the knowledge 

of the best�察�but is under some other guidance�察�will make�察�as he deserves�察�a 

sorry voyage�此�he will�察�I believe�察�hurry through the brief space of human 

life�察�pilotless in mid´ocean�察�and the words will apply to him in which the 

poet blamed his enemy�此�

     '。。。Full many a thing he knew�察�But knew them all badly。' ��A fragment 

from the pseudo´Homeric poem�察�'Margites。'�� 

     ALCIBIADES�此�How in the world�察�Socrates�察�do the words of the poet 

apply to him�拭�They seem to me to have no bearing on the point whatever。 

     SOCRATES�此  �Quite   the   contrary�察  �my   sweet   friend�此  �only   the   poet   is 

talking in riddles after the fashion of his tribe。 For all poetry has by nature 

an    enigmatical    character�察   �and   it  is  by  no  means    everybody      who    can 

interpret it。 And if�察�moreover�察�the spirit of poetry happen to seize on a man 

who is of a begrudging temper and does not care to manifest his wisdom 

but keeps it to himself as far as he can�察�it does indeed require an almost 

superhuman wisdom to discover what the poet would be at。 You surely do 

not suppose that Homer�察�the wisest and most divine of poets�察�was unaware 

of the impossibility of knowing a thing badly�此�for it was no less a person 

than he who said of Margites that 'he knew many things�察�but knew them 

all badly。' The solution of the riddle is this�察�I imagine��By 'badly' Homer 

meant 'bad' and   'knew' stands   for 'to   know。' Put   the words   together��the 

metre will suffer�察�but the poet's meaning is clear��'Margites knew all these 

things�察�but it was bad for him to know them。' And�察�obviously�察�if it was bad 

for him to know so many things�察�he must have been a good´for´ nothing�察�

unless the argument has played us false。 

     ALCIBIADES�此�But I do not think that it has�察�Socrates�此�at least�察�if the 

argument is fallacious�察�it would be difficult for me to find another which I 

could trust。 

     SOCRATES�此�And you are right in thinking so。 

     ALCIBIADES�此�Well�察�that is my opinion。 



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     SOCRATES�此  �But   tell   me�察  �by  Heaven��you   must   see now   the   nature 

and greatness of the difficulty in which you�察�like others�察�have your part。 

For you change about in all directions�察�and never come to rest anywhere�此�

what you once most strongly inclined to suppose�察�you put aside again and 

quite  alter   your   mind。   If   the   God   to   whose   shrine   you   are   going   should 

appear   at   this   moment�察  �and   ask   before   you   made   your   prayer�察  �'Whether 

you would desire to have one of the things which we mentioned at first�察�or 

whether he should leave you to make your own request��'what in either 

case�察   �think    you�察   �would     be   the   best   way    to   take   advantage      of   the 

opportunity�拭�

     ALCIBIADES�此          �Indeed�察    �Socrates�察   �I  could    not  answer     you    without 

consideration。   It   seems   to   me   to   be   a   wild   thing   ��The   Homeric   word 

margos is said to be here employed in allusion to the quotation from the 

'Margites'   which   Socrates   has   just   made�察  �but   it   is   not   us

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