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how to tell children stories(泌採公頃徨讐絞並)-及6嫗

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     And no less truly than this story has served to many as an embodiment 

of   moral   law   has   another   household   tale   stood   for   a   type   of   common 

experience。   How   much   the   poorer   should   we   be�察  �mentally�察  �without   our 

early prophecy of the ;ugly ducklings; we are to meet later in life��those 

awkward   offspring   of   our   little   human   duckyard   who   are   mostly   well 

kicked and buffeted about�察�for that very length of limb and breadth of back 

which   needs   must   be�察  �to   support   swan's   wings。   The   story   of   the   ugly 

duckling is much truer than many a bald statement of fact。 The English´ 

speaking world bears witness to its verity in constant use of the title as an 

identifying   phrase�此   �It   is   the   old   story  of   the  ugly  duckling�察─  �we   say�察  �or 

;He has turned out a real ugly duckling。; And we know that our hearers 

understand the whole situation。 

     The consideration of such familiar types and expressions as that of the 

ugly   duckling   suggests   immediately   another   good   reason   for   giving   the 

child his due of fairy lore。 The reason is that to omit it is to deprive him of 

one important element in the full appreciation of mature literature。 If one 

thinks of it�察�one sees that nearly all adult literature is made by people who�察�



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                HOW TO TELL STORIES TO CHILDREN AND SOME STORIES TO TELL 



in their beginnings�察�were bred on the wonder tale。 Whether he will or no�察�

the    grown´up      author   must    incorporate     into   his   work    the  tendencies�察�

memories�察�kinds of feeling which were his in childhood。 The literature of 

maturity     is�察 �naturally�察  �permeated      by  the   influence    of  the   literature   of 

childhood。   Sometimes   it   is   apparent   merely   in   the   use   of   a   name�察     �as 

suggestive   of   certain   kinds   of   experience�察  �such   are   the   recurrences   of 

reference to the Cinderella story。 Sometimes it is an allusion which has its 

strength in long association of certain qualities with certain characters in 

fairydomlike the slyness of Brother Fox�察�and the cruelty of Brother Wolf。 

Sometimes the association of ideas lies below the surface�察�drawing from 

the hidden wells of poetic illusion which are sunk in childhood。 The man 

or woman whose infancy was nourished exclusively on tales adapted from 

science´made´   easy�察  �or   from   biographies   of   good   men   and   great�察  �must 

remain blind to these beauties of literature。 He may look up the allusion�察�

or identify the reference�察�but when that is done he is but richer by a fact or 

two�察�there is no remembered thrill in it for him�察�no savour in his memory�察�

no suggestion to his imagination�察�and these are precisely the things which 

really   count。   Leaving   out   the   fairy   element   is   a   loss   to   literary   culture 

much as would be the omission of the Bible or of Shakespeare。 Just as all 

adult literature is permeated by the influence of these�察�familiar in youth�察�so 

in less degree is it transfused with the subtle reminiscences of childhood's 

commerce with the wonder world。 

     To turn now from the inner to the outer aspects of the old´time tale is 

to meet another cause of its value to children。 This is the value of its style。 

Simplicity�察�directness�察 �and   virility  characterise the   classic   fairy  tales   and 

the   most   memorable   relics   of   folklore。   And   these   are   three   of   the   very 

qualities which are most seriously lacking in much of the new writing for 

children�察�and which are always necessary elements in the culture of taste。 

Fairy stories are not all well told�察�but the best fairy stories are supremely 

well    told。   And    most    folk´tales   have    a   movement�察     �a   sweep�察   �and   an 

unaffectedness which make them splendid foundations for taste in style。 

     For this�察�and for poetic presentation of truths in easily assimilated form�察�

and because it gives joyous stimulus to the imagination�察�and is necessary 

to full appreciation of adult literature�察�we may freely use the wonder tale。 



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     Closely related to�察�sometimes identical with�察�the fairy tale is the old�察�

old source of children's love and laughter�察�



                             THE NONSENSE TALE 



       Under    this  head    I  wish   to  include   all  the  merely    funny    tales  of 

childhood�察  �embracing   the   cumulative   stories   like   that   of   the   old   woman 

and the pig which would not go over the stile。 They all have a specific use 

and benefit�察�and are worth the repetition children demand for them。 Their 

value    lies�察 �of  course�察  �in  the   tonic  and   relaxing    properties    of  humour。 

Nowhere is that property more welcome or needed than in the schoolroom。 

It does us all good to laugh�察�if there is no sneer nor smirch in the laugh�察�

fun    sets  the  blood    flowing    more    freely   in  the  veins�察 �and   loosens    the 

strained   cords   of   feeling   and   thought�察  �the   delicious   shock   of   surprise   at 

every   ;funny   spot;   is   a   kind   of   electric   treatment   for   the   nerves。   But   it 

especially does us good to laugh when we are children。 Every little body is 

released from the conscious control school imposes on it�察�and huddles into 

restful comfort or responds gaily to the joke。 

     More   than   this�察  �humour   teaches   children�察  �as   it   does   their   grown´up 

brethren�察�some of the facts and proportions of life。 What keener teacher is 

there  than   the  kindly  satire�拭�What   more  penetrating   and suggestive   than 

the humour of exaggerated statement of familiar tendency�拭�Is there one of 

us who has not laughed himself out of some absurd complexity of over´ 

anxiety with a sudden recollection of ;clever Alice; and her fate�拭�In our 

household clever Alice is an old habituee�察�and her timely arrival has saved 

many a situation which was twining itself about more ;ifs; than it could 

comfortably support。 The wisdom which lies behind true humour is found 

in the nonsense tale of infancy as truly as in mature humour�察�but in its own 

kind and degree。 ;Just for fun; is the first reason for the humorous story�察�

the wisdom in the fun is the second。 

     And now we come to 

     THE NATURE STORY 

       No other type of fiction is more familiar to the teacher�察�and probably 

no other kind is the source of so much uncertainty of feeling。 The nature 

story is much used�察�as I have noticed above�察�to illustrate or to teach the 

habits   of   animals   and   the   laws   of   plant´growth�察  �to   stimulate   scientific 



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interest as well as to increase culture in scientific fact。 This is an entirely 

legitimate object。 In view of its present preponderance�察�it is certainly a pity�察�

however�察�that so few stories are available�察�the accuracy of which�察�from this 

point of view�察�can be vouched for。 The carefully prepared book of to´day is 

refuted   and   scoffed   at   to´morrow。  The   teacher   who   wishes   to   use   story´ 

telling chiefly as an element in nature study must at least limit herself to a 

small   amount   of   absolutely   unquestioned   material�察  �or   else   subject   every 

new story to the judgment of an authority in the line dealt with。 This is not 

easy  for   the   teacher   at   a   distance   from  the   great   libraries�察  �and   for   those 

who   have   access   to   well´equipped   libraries   it   is   a   matter   of   time   and 

thought。 

     It does not so greatly trouble the teacher who uses the nature story as a 

story�察�

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