how to tell children stories(泌採公頃徨讐絞並)-及6嫗
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!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��
And no less truly than this story has served to many as an embodiment
of moral law has another household tale stood for a type of common
experience。 How much the poorer should we be�察 �mentally�察 �without our
early prophecy of the ;ugly ducklings; we are to meet later in life��those
awkward offspring of our little human duckyard who are mostly well
kicked and buffeted about�察�for that very length of limb and breadth of back
which needs must be�察 �to support swan's wings。 The story of the ugly
duckling is much truer than many a bald statement of fact。 The English´
speaking world bears witness to its verity in constant use of the title as an
identifying phrase�此 �It is the old story of the ugly duckling�察─ �we say�察 �or
;He has turned out a real ugly duckling。; And we know that our hearers
understand the whole situation。
The consideration of such familiar types and expressions as that of the
ugly duckling suggests immediately another good reason for giving the
child his due of fairy lore。 The reason is that to omit it is to deprive him of
one important element in the full appreciation of mature literature。 If one
thinks of it�察�one sees that nearly all adult literature is made by people who�察�
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HOW TO TELL STORIES TO CHILDREN AND SOME STORIES TO TELL
in their beginnings�察�were bred on the wonder tale。 Whether he will or no�察�
the grown´up author must incorporate into his work the tendencies�察�
memories�察�kinds of feeling which were his in childhood。 The literature of
maturity is�察 �naturally�察 �permeated by the influence of the literature of
childhood。 Sometimes it is apparent merely in the use of a name�察 �as
suggestive of certain kinds of experience�察 �such are the recurrences of
reference to the Cinderella story。 Sometimes it is an allusion which has its
strength in long association of certain qualities with certain characters in
fairydomlike the slyness of Brother Fox�察�and the cruelty of Brother Wolf。
Sometimes the association of ideas lies below the surface�察�drawing from
the hidden wells of poetic illusion which are sunk in childhood。 The man
or woman whose infancy was nourished exclusively on tales adapted from
science´made´ easy�察 �or from biographies of good men and great�察 �must
remain blind to these beauties of literature。 He may look up the allusion�察�
or identify the reference�察�but when that is done he is but richer by a fact or
two�察�there is no remembered thrill in it for him�察�no savour in his memory�察�
no suggestion to his imagination�察�and these are precisely the things which
really count。 Leaving out the fairy element is a loss to literary culture
much as would be the omission of the Bible or of Shakespeare。 Just as all
adult literature is permeated by the influence of these�察�familiar in youth�察�so
in less degree is it transfused with the subtle reminiscences of childhood's
commerce with the wonder world。
To turn now from the inner to the outer aspects of the old´time tale is
to meet another cause of its value to children。 This is the value of its style。
Simplicity�察�directness�察 �and virility characterise the classic fairy tales and
the most memorable relics of folklore。 And these are three of the very
qualities which are most seriously lacking in much of the new writing for
children�察�and which are always necessary elements in the culture of taste。
Fairy stories are not all well told�察�but the best fairy stories are supremely
well told。 And most folk´tales have a movement�察 �a sweep�察 �and an
unaffectedness which make them splendid foundations for taste in style。
For this�察�and for poetic presentation of truths in easily assimilated form�察�
and because it gives joyous stimulus to the imagination�察�and is necessary
to full appreciation of adult literature�察�we may freely use the wonder tale。
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Closely related to�察�sometimes identical with�察�the fairy tale is the old�察�
old source of children's love and laughter�察�
THE NONSENSE TALE
Under this head I wish to include all the merely funny tales of
childhood�察 �embracing the cumulative stories like that of the old woman
and the pig which would not go over the stile。 They all have a specific use
and benefit�察�and are worth the repetition children demand for them。 Their
value lies�察 �of course�察 �in the tonic and relaxing properties of humour。
Nowhere is that property more welcome or needed than in the schoolroom。
It does us all good to laugh�察�if there is no sneer nor smirch in the laugh�察�
fun sets the blood flowing more freely in the veins�察 �and loosens the
strained cords of feeling and thought�察 �the delicious shock of surprise at
every ;funny spot; is a kind of electric treatment for the nerves。 But it
especially does us good to laugh when we are children。 Every little body is
released from the conscious control school imposes on it�察�and huddles into
restful comfort or responds gaily to the joke。
More than this�察 �humour teaches children�察 �as it does their grown´up
brethren�察�some of the facts and proportions of life。 What keener teacher is
there than the kindly satire�拭�What more penetrating and suggestive than
the humour of exaggerated statement of familiar tendency�拭�Is there one of
us who has not laughed himself out of some absurd complexity of over´
anxiety with a sudden recollection of ;clever Alice; and her fate�拭�In our
household clever Alice is an old habituee�察�and her timely arrival has saved
many a situation which was twining itself about more ;ifs; than it could
comfortably support。 The wisdom which lies behind true humour is found
in the nonsense tale of infancy as truly as in mature humour�察�but in its own
kind and degree。 ;Just for fun; is the first reason for the humorous story�察�
the wisdom in the fun is the second。
And now we come to
THE NATURE STORY
No other type of fiction is more familiar to the teacher�察�and probably
no other kind is the source of so much uncertainty of feeling。 The nature
story is much used�察�as I have noticed above�察�to illustrate or to teach the
habits of animals and the laws of plant´growth�察 �to stimulate scientific
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interest as well as to increase culture in scientific fact。 This is an entirely
legitimate object。 In view of its present preponderance�察�it is certainly a pity�察�
however�察�that so few stories are available�察�the accuracy of which�察�from this
point of view�察�can be vouched for。 The carefully prepared book of to´day is
refuted and scoffed at to´morrow。 The teacher who wishes to use story´
telling chiefly as an element in nature study must at least limit herself to a
small amount of absolutely unquestioned material�察 �or else subject every
new story to the judgment of an authority in the line dealt with。 This is not
easy for the teacher at a distance from the great libraries�察 �and for those
who have access to well´equipped libraries it is a matter of time and
thought。
It does not so greatly trouble the teacher who uses the nature story as a
story�察�