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seventy´three dollars per year。 And mind you�察�that's the 
average� �The wages of sharecroppers run from thirty´five to 
ninety dollars per person。 And thirty´five dollars a year means 
just about ten cents for a full day's work。 Everywhere there's 
pellagra and hookworm and anaemia。 And just plain�察�pure 
starvation。 But��' Jake nibbed his lips with the knuckles of his 
dirty fist。 Sweat stood out on his forehead。 'But��' he repeated。 
Those are only the evils you can see and touch。 The other 
things are worse。 I'm talking about the way that the truth has 
been hidden from the people。 The things they have been told 
so they can't see the truth。 The poisonous lies。 So they aren't 
allowed to know。' 
'And the Negro��' said Doctor Copeland。 'To understand what is 
happening to us you have to' 
Jake interrupted him savagely。 'Who owns the South�拭�
Corporations in the North own three fourths of all the South。 
They say the old cow grazes all over!in the south�察�the west�察�
the north�察�and the east。 But she's milked in just one place。 Her 
old teats swing over just one spot when she's full。 She grazes 
everywhere and is milked in New York。 Take our cotton mills�察�
our pulp mills�察�our harness factories�察�our mattress factories。 
The North owns them。 And what happens��' Jake's mustache 


quivered angrily。 'Here's an example。 Locale�察�a mill village 
according to the great paternal system of American industry。 
Absentee ownership。 In the village is one huge brick mill and 
maybe four or five hundred shanties。 The houses aren't fit for 
human beings to live in。 Moreover�察�the houses were built to be 
nothing but slums in the first place。 These shanties are nothing 
but two or maybe three rooms and a privy! built with far less 
forethought than barns to house cattle。 Built with far less 
attention to needs than sties for pigs。 For under this system 
pigs are valuable and men are not。 You can't make pork chops 
and sausage out of skinny little mill kids。 You can't sell but 
half the people these days。 But a pig' 
'Hold on��' said Doctor Copeland。 'You are getting off on a 
tangent。 And besides�察�you are giving no attention to the very 
separate question of the Negro。 I cannot get a256 

word in edgeways。 We have been over all this before�察�bat it is 
impossible to see the full situation without including us 
Negroes。' 
'Back to our mill village��' Jake said。 'A young linthead begins 
working at the fine wage of eight or ten dollars a weeks at 
such times as he can get himself employed。 He marries。 After 
the first child the woman must work in the mill also。 Their 
combined wages come to say eighteen dollars a week when 
they both got work。 Huh� �They pay a fourth of this for the 
shack the mill provides them。 They buy food and clothes at a 
company´owned or dominated store。 The store overcharges on 
every item。 With three or four younguns they are held down 
the same as if they had on chains。 That is the whole principle 
of serfdom。 Yet here in America we call ourselves free。 And 
the funny thing is that this has been drilled into the heads of 
sharecroppers and lintheads and all the rest so hard that they 
really believe it。 But it's taken a hell of a lot of lies to keep 
them from knowing。' 
'There is only one way out' said Doctor Cbpeland。 
'Two ways。 And only two ways。 Once there was a time when 
this country was expanding。 Every man thought he had a 
chance。 Huh� �But that period has gone!and gone for good。 
Less than a hundred corporations have swallowed all but a 
few leavings。 These industries have already sucked the blood 


and softened the bones of the people。 The old days of 
expansion are gone。 The whole system of capitalistic 
democracy is!rotten and corrupt。 There remains only two 
roads ahead。 One�此�Fascism。 Two�此�reform of the most 
revolutionary and permanent kind。' 
'And the Negro。 Do not forget the Negro。 So far as I and my 
people are concerned the South is Fascist now and always has 
been。' 
'Yeah。' 
;The Nazis rob the Jews of their legal�察�economic�察�and cultural 
life。 Here the Negro has always been deprived of these。 And if 
wholesale and dramatic robbery of money and goods has not 
taken place here as in Germany�察�it is simply because the Negro 
has never been allowed to accrue wealth in the first place。' 
'That's the system��' Jake said。 
'The Jew and the Negro��' said Doctor Copeland bitter

257 

ry。 The history of my people will be commensurate with the 
interminable history of the Jew!only bloodier and more 
violent。 Like a certain species of sea gull。 If you capture one 
of the birds and tie a red string of twine around his leg the rest 
of the flock will peck him to death。' 
Doctor Copeland took off his spectacles and rebound a wire 
around a broken hinge。 Then he polished the lenses on his 
nightshirt。 His hand shook with agitation。 'Mr。 Singer is a 
Jew。' 
'No�察�you're wrong there。' 
'But I am positive that he is。 The name�察�Singer。 I recognized 
his race the first time I saw him。 From his eyes。 Besides�察�he 
told me so。' 
'Why�察�he couldn't have��' Jake insisted。 ;He's pure Anglo´Saxon 
if I ever saw it。 Irish and Anglo´Saxon。' 

。But
'
'I'm certain。 Absolutely。
'
'Very well��' said Doctor Copeland。 'We will not quarrel。
'
Outside the dark air had cooled so that there was a chill in the
room。 It was almost dawn。 The early morning sky was deep��
silky blue and the moon had turned from silver to white。 All
was still。 The only sound was the clear�察�lonely song of 
a

spring bird in the darkness outside。 Though a faint breeze 
blew in from the window the air in the room was sour and 
close。 There was a feeling both of tenseness and exhaustion。 
Doctor Copeland leaned forward from the pillow。 His eyes 
were bloodshot and his hands clutched the counterpane。 The 
neck of his nightshirt had slipped down over his bony 
shoulder。 Jake's heels were balanced on the rungs of his chair 
and his giant hands folded between his knees in a waiting and 
childlike attitude。 Deep black circles were beneath his eyes�察�
his hair was unkempt。 They looked at each other and waited。 
As the silence grew longer the tenseness between them 
became more strained。 
At last Doctor Copeland cleared his throat and said�此�'I am 
certain you did not come here for nothing。 I am sure we have 
not discussed these subjects all through the night to no 
purpose。 We have talked of everything now except the most 
vital subject of all!the way out。 What must be done。' 
They still watched each other and waited。 In the face of258 

259 

each there was expectation。 Doctor Copeland sat bolt upright
against the pillows。 Jake rested his chin in his hand and leaned
forward。 The pause continued。 And then hesitantly they began
to speak at the same time。
'Excuse me��' Jake said。 'Go ahead。
'
'No�察�you。 You started first。
'
'Go on。
'
'Pshaw��' said Doctor Copeland。 'Continue。
'
Jake stared at him with clouded�察�mystical eyes。 It's this way。
This is how I see it。 The only solution is for the people to
know。 Once they know the truth they can be oppressed no
longer。 Once just half of them know the whole fight is won。
'
'Yes�察�once they understand the workings of this society。 But
how do you propose to tell them��
'
'Listen��' Jake said。 'Think about chain letters。 If one person
sends a letter to ten people and then each of the ten people
sends letters to ten more!you get it��' He faltered。 'Not that 
I
write letters�察�but the idea is the same。 I just go around telling。
And if in one town I can show the truth to just ten of the don'tknows�察�then I feel like some good has been done。 See��
'



Doctor Copeland looked at Jake in surprise。 Then he snorted。
'Do not be childish� �You cannot just go about talking。 Chain
letters indeed� �Knows and don't´knows��
'
Jake's lips trembled and his brow lowered with quick anger。
'O。K。 What have you got to offer��
'
'I will say first that I used to feel somewhat as you do on this
question。 But I have learned what a mistake that attitude is。
For half a century I thought it wise to be patient。
'
'I didn't say be patient。
'
'In the face of brutality I was prudent。 Before injustice I held
my peace。 I sacr

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