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rest of the things that supply our elementary needs。 

     I think we may conclude that there is no technical impossibility in the 

Anarchist plan of free sharing。 

     But would the necessary work be done if the individual were assured 

of the general standard of comfort even though he did no work�拭�

     Most people will answer this question unhesitatingly in the negative。 

Those   employers   in   particular   who   are   in   the   habit   of   denouncing   their 

employes   as   a   set   of   lazy�察  �drunken   louts�察  �will   feel   quite   certain   that   no 

work     could    be  got   out  of   them   except    under    threat   of  dismissal    and 

consequent starvation。 But is this as certain as people are inclined to sup´ 

pose   at   first   sight�拭  �If   work   were   to   remain   what   most   work   is   now�察  �no 

doubt it would be very hard to induce people to undertake it except from 

fear   of   destitution。   But   there   is   no   reason   why   work   should   remain   the 

dreary drudgery in horrible conditions that most of it is now。��43�А�If men 

had to be tempted to work instead of driven to it�察�the obvious interest of 

the community would be to make work pleasant。 So long as work is not 

made on the  whole pleasant�察 �it   cannot   be said that   anything   like  a  good 

state of society has been reached。 Is the painfulness of work unavoidable�拭�

       ��43�А �`Overwork is repulsive to human naturenot work。 Overwork 

for   supplying   the   few   with   luxurynot   work   for   the   well´   being   of   all。 

Work�察     �labor�察  �is  a   physiological      necessity�察   �a   necessity     of   spending 

accumulated bodily energy�察�a necessity which is health and life itself。 If so 

many  branches   of   useful   work   are   so   reluctantly  done   now�察  �it   is   merely 

because   they   mean   overwork�察  �or   they  are   improperly  organized。   But   we 

knowold   Franklin   knew   itthat   four   hours   of   useful   work   every   day 



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would be more than sufficient for supplying everybody with the comfort 

of a moderately well´to´do middle´class house�察�if we all gave ourselves to 

productive work�察�and if we did not waste our productive powers as we do 

waste them now。 As to the childish question�察�repeated for fifty years�此 �Who 

would do disagreeable work��' frankly I regret that none of our savants has 

ever been brought to do it�察�be it for only one day in his life。 If there is still 

work which is really disagreeable in itself�察�it is only because our scientific 

men have never cared to consider the means of rendering it less so�此�they 

have always known that there were plenty of starving men who would do 

it for a few pence a day。'' Kropotkin�察 �``Anarchist Communism。'' 

       At present�察�the better paid work�察�that of the business and professional 

classes�察�is for the most part enjoyable。 I do not mean that every separate 

moment is agreeable�察�but that the life of a man who has work of this sort is 

on   the   whole   happier   than   that   of   a   man   who   enjoys   an   equal   income 

without doing any work。 A certain amount of effort�察�and something in the 

nature of a continuous career�察�are necessary to vigorous men if they are to 

preserve their mental health and their zest for life。 A considerable amount 

of work is done without pay。 People who take a rosy view of human nature 

might   have   supposed   that   the   duties   of   a   magistrate   would   be   among 

disagreeable trades�察�like cleaning sewers�察�but a cynic might contend that 

the pleasures of vindictiveness and moral superiority are so great that there 

is no difficulty  in   finding   well´to´do  elderly  gentlemen   who   are   willing�察�

without pay�察�to send helpless wretches to the torture of prison。 And apart 

from     enjoyment      of   the  work    itself�察 �desire    for  the   good    opinion    of 

neighbors   and   for   the   feeling   of   effectiveness   is   quite   sufficient   to   keep 

many men active。 

     But�察  �it   will   be   said�察  �the   sort   of   work   that   a   man   would   voluntarily 

choose must always be exceptional�此�the great bulk of necessary work can 

never   be   anything   but   painful。   Who   would   choose�察  �if   an   easy   life   were 

otherwise open to him�察�to be a coal´miner�察�or a stoker on an Atlantic liner�拭�

I think it must be conceded that much necessary work must always remain 

disagreeable or at least painfully monotonous�察�and that special privileges 

will have to be accorded to those who undertake it�察�if the Anarchist system 

is ever to be made workable。 It is true that the introduction of such special 



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privileges   would   somewhat   mar   the   rounded   logic   of Anarchism�察  �but   it 

need not�察�I think�察�make any really vital breach in its system。 Much of the 

work   that   needs   doing   could   be   rendered   agreeable�察  �if   thought   and   care 

were given to this object。 Even now it is often only long hours that make 

work irksome。 If the normal hours of work were reduced to�察�say�察�four�察�as 

they could be by better organization and more scientific methods�察�a very 

great deal of work which is now felt as a burden would quite cease to be 

so。   If�察 �as  Kropotkin      suggests�察   �agricultural    work�察   �instead   of  being    the 

lifelong   drudgery   of   an   ignorant   laborer   living   very   near   the   verge   of 

abject     poverty�察   �were    the  occasional      occupation     of   men    and    women 

normally      employed       in  industry     or  brain´work�察     �if�察 �instead    of   being 

conducted       by   ancient    traditional   methods�察     �without    any   possibility    of 

intelligent participation by the wage´ earner�察�it were alive with the search 

for new methods and new inventions�察�filled with the spirit of freedom�察�and 

inviting the mental as well as the physical cooperation of those who do the 

work�察�it might become a joy instead of a weariness�察�and a source of health 

and life to those engaged in it。 

     What is true of agriculture is said by Anarchists to be equally true of 

industry。 They maintain that if the great economic organizations which are 

now   managed   by   capitalists�察  �without   consideration   for   the   lives   of   the 

wage´earners   beyond   what   Trade   Unions   are   able   to   exact�察  �were   turned 

gradually into self´governing communities�察�in which the producers could 

decide all questions of methods�察�conditions�察�hours of work�察�and so forth�察�

there would be an almost boundless change for the better�此�grime and noise 

might be nearly eliminated�察�the hideousness of industrial regions might be 

turned into beauty�察�the interest in the scientific aspects of production might 

become   diffused   among   all   producers   with   any   native   intelligence�察  �and 

something   of   the   artist's   joy   in   creation   might   inspire   the   whole   of   the 

work。 All this�察�which is at present utterly remote from the reality�察�might be 

produced   by   economic   self´government。   We   may   concede   that   by   such 

means a very large proportion of the necessary work of the world could 

ultimately be made sufficiently agreeable to be preferred before idleness 

even     by   men    whose     bare   livelihood    would     be   assured    whether     they 

worked or not。 As to the residue let us admit that special rewards�察�whether 



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in   goods   or   honors   or   privileges�察  �would   have   to   be   given   to   those   who 

undertook it。 But this need not cause any fundamental objection。 

     There would�察�

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