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        ��45�А   �`While      holding      this   synthetic     view     on    production�察     �the 

Anarchists       cannot    consider�察   �like   the   Collectivists�察   �that   a  remuneration 

which would be proportionate to the hours of labor spent by each person 

in   the   production   of   riches   may   be   an   ideal�察  �or   even   an   approach   to   an 

ideal�察�society。'' Kropotkin�察 �`Anarchist Communism��'' p。 20。 

        It   would   seem�察  �then�察  �that   if   the Anarchist   plan   has   its   dangers�察  �the 

Socialist plan has at least equal dangers。 It is true that the evils we have 

been     foreseeing     under    Socialism      exist   at  present�察   �but   the  purpose     of 

Socialists is to cure the evils of the world as it is�察�they cannot be content 



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with the argument that they would make things no worse。 

     Anarchism has the advantage as regards liberty�察�Socialism as regards 

the inducements to work。 Can we not find a method of combining these 

two advantages�拭�It seems to me that we can。 

     We   saw   that�察  �provided   most   people   work   in   moderation�察  �and   their 

work is rendered   as productive as science and organization   can make   it�察�

there is no good reason why the necessaries of life should not be supplied 

freely  to   all。   Our  only  serious   doubt   was   as   to   whether�察  �in   an Anarchist 

regime�察�the motives for work would be sufficiently powerful to prevent a 

dan´ gerously large amount of idleness。 But it would be easy to decree that�察�

though      necessaries      should    be    free   to   all�察 �whatever      went    beyond 

necessaries should only be given to those who were willing to worknot�察�

as is usual at present�察�only to those in work at any moment�察�but also to all 

those who�察�when they happened not to be working�察�were idle through no 

fault of their own。 We find at present that a man who has a small income 

from   investments�察  �just   sufficient   to   keep   him   from   actual   want�察  �almost 

always     prefers    to  find  some    paid   work    in  order    to  be  able   to  afford 

luxuries。   So   it   would   be�察  �presumably�察  �in   such   a   community   as   we   are 

imagining。      At   the  same    time�察  �the   man    who    felt  a  vocation    for  some 

unrecognized work of art or science or thought would be free to follow his 

desire�察  �provided   he   were   willing   to   ``scorn   delights   and   live   laborious 

days。''   And   the   comparatively   small   number   of   men   with   an   invincible 

horror of workthe sort of men who now become tramps might lead a 

harmless       existence�察   �without     any    grave     danger     of   their   becoming 

sufficiently numerous to be a serious burden upon the more industrious。 In 

this ways the claims of freedom could be combined with the need of some 

economic stimulus to work。 Such a system�察�it seems to me�察�would have a 

far greater chance of success than either pure Anarchism or pure orthodox 

Socialism。 

     Stated   in   more   familiar   terms�察  �the   plan   we   are   advocating   amounts 

essentially to this�此�that a certain small income�察�sufficient for necessaries�察�

should   be   secured   to   all�察  �whether   they   work   or   not�察  �and   that   a   larger 

income�察  �as   much   larger   as   might   be   warranted   by   the   total   amount   of 

commodities produced�察�should be given to those who are willing to engage 



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in some work which the community recognizes as useful。 On this basis we 

may build further。 I do not think it is always necessary to pay more highly 

work which is more skilled or regarded as socially more useful�察�since such 

work is more interesting and more respected than ordinary work�察�and will 

therefore often be preferred by those who are able to do it。 But we might�察�

for instance�察�give an intermediate income to those who are only willing to 

work half the usual number of hours�察�and an income above that of most 

workers to those who choose a specially disagreeable trade。 Such a system 

is   perfectly    compatible     with   Socialism�察    �though    perhaps    hardly    with 

Anarchism。 Of its advantages we shall have more to say at a later stage。 

For the present I am content to urge that it combines freedom with justice�察�

and avoids those dangers to the community which we have found to lurk 

both in the proposals of the Anarchists and in those of orthodox Socialists。 



                                    CHAPTER V 



                             GOVERNMENT AND LAW 

       GOVERNMENT             and    Law�察   �in   their   very   essence�察    �consist   of 

restrictions on freedom�察�and freedom is the greatest of political goods。��46�А�

A    hasty   reasoner    might    conclude    without    further   ado   that  Law     and 

government are evils which must be abolished if freedom is our goal。 But 

this consequence�察�true or false�察�cannot be proved so simply。 In this chapter 

we shall examine the arguments of Anarchists against law and the State。 

We shall proceed on the assumption that freedom is the supreme aim of a 

good   social   system�察  �but   on   this   very   basis   we   shall   find   the   Anarchist 

contentions very questionable。 

       ��46�А  �I   do   not   say   freedom   is   the   greatest   of   ALL   goods�此  �the   best 

things   come   from  withinthey  are   such   things   as   creative   art�察  �and   love�察�

and thought。 Such things can be helped or hindered by political conditions�察�

but not actually produced by them�察�and freedom is�察�both in itself and in its 

relation   to   these   other   goods   the   best   thing   that   political   and   economic 

conditions can secure。 

       Respect for the liberty of others   is not a   natural impulse with   most 

men�此�envy and love of power lead ordinary human nature to find pleasure 



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in interferences with the lives of others。 If all men's actions were wholly 

unchecked by external authority�察�we should not obtain a world in which all 

men would be free。 The strong would oppress the weak�察�or the majority 

would oppress the minority�察�or the lovers of violence would oppress   the 

more peaceable people。 I fear it cannot be said that these bad impulses are 

WHOLLY due to a bad social system�察�though it must be conceded that the 

present competitive organization of society does a great deal to foster the 

worst elements in human nature。 The love of power is an impulse which�察�

though innate in very ambitious men�察�is chiefly promoted as a rule by the 

actual   experience   of   power。   In   a   world   where   none   could   acquire   much 

power�察  �the   desire   to   tyrannize   would   be   much   less   strong   than   it   is   at 

present。 Nevertheless�察�I cannot think that it would be wholly absent�察�and 

those in whom it would exist would often be men of unusual energy and 

executive capacity。 Such men�察�if they are not restrained by the organized 

will of the community�察�may either succeed in establishing a despotism�察�or�察�

at any rate�察�make such a vigorous attempt as can only be defeated through 

a   period   of   prolonged   disturbance。 And   apart   from   the   love   or   political 

power�察�there is the love of power over individuals。 If threats and terrorism 

were not prevented by law�察�it can hardly be doubted that cruelty would be 

rife in the relations of men and women�察�and of parents and children。 It is 

true that the habits of a community can make such cruelty rare�察�but these 

habits�察�I fear�察�are only to be produced through the prolonged reign of law。 

Experience   of   backwoods 

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