唄診窮徨慕 > 哂猟圻广窮徨慕 > proposed roads to freedom(宥吏徭喇岻揃) >

及28嫗

proposed roads to freedom(宥吏徭喇岻揃)-及28嫗

弌傍�� proposed roads to freedom(宥吏徭喇岻揃) 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈��梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈��梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何��
!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��




Experience   of   backwoods   communities�察           �mining   camps   and   other      such 

places   seems   to   show   that   under   new   conditions   men   easily   revert   to   a 

more barbarous attitude and practice。 It would seem�察�therefore�察�that�察�while 

human   nature   remains   as   it   is�察  �there   will   be   more   liberty   for   all   in   a 

community where some acts of tyranny by individuals are forbidden�察�than 

in   a   community  where  the   law  leaves   each   individual   free  to   follow  his 

every impulse。  But�察 �although   the  necessity  of   some   form  of   government 

and law must for the present be conceded�察�it is important to remember that 

all law and government is in itself in some degree an evil�察�only justifiable 

when   it   prevents   other   and   greater   evils。   Every   use   of   the   power   of   the 

State needs�察�therefore�察�to be very closely scrutinized�察�and every possibility 

of diminishing its power is to be welcomed provided it does not lead to a 



                                                77 


´ Page 78´

                             PROPOSED ROADS TO FREEDOM 



reign of private tyranny。 

     The power of the State is partly legal�察�partly economic�此�acts of a kind 

which      the  State   dislikes    can   be   punished     by   the   criminal    law�察  �and 

individuals who incur the displeasure of the State may find it hard to earn 

a livelihood。 

     The views of Marx on the State are not very clear。 On the one hand he 

seems willing�撮察�like the   modern State Socialists�察�to   allow great power   to 

the    State�察 �but   on   the  other   hand    he   suggests    that  when     the  Socialist 

revolution has been consummated�察�the State�察�as we know it�察�will disappear。 

Among the measures which are advocated in the Communist Manifesto as 

immediately desirable�察�there are several which would very greatly increase 

the power of the existing State。 For example�察 �`Centralization of credit in 

the hands of the State�察�by means of a national bank with State capital and 

an    exclusive    monopoly��''      and   again�察   �`Centralization      of  the   means    of 

communication and transport in the hands of the State。'' But the Manifesto 

goes on to say�此�

       When�察     �in   the   course    of   development�察       �class   distinctions     have 

disappeared�察 �and   all   production   has   been   concentrated   in   the   hands   of   a 

vast association of the whole nation�察�the public power will lose its political 

character。     Political   power�察   �properly   so    called�察 �is  merely    the   organised 

power   of   one   class   for   oppressing   another。   If   the   proletariat   during   its 

contest with the bourgeoisie is compelled�察�by the force of circumstances�察�

to organize itself as a class�察�if�察�by means of a revolution�察�it makes itself the 

ruling   class�察  �and�察  �as   such�察  �sweeps   away   by   force   the   old   conditions   of 

production�察�then it will�察�along with these conditions�察�have swept away the 

conditions for the existence of class antagonisms�察�and of classes generally�察�

and will thereby have abolished its own supremacy as a class。 

     In   place    of  the   old   bourgeois     society�察  �with   its  classes   and    class 

antagonisms�察�we shall have an association�察�in which�察�the free development 

of each is the condition for the free development of all。��47�А�

       ��47�А�Communist Manifesto�察�p。 22。 

       This    attitude   Marx     preserved      in  essentials    throughout      his   life。 

Accordingly�察  �it   is   not   to   be   wondered   at   that   his   followers�察  �so   far   as 

regards their immediate aims�察�have in the main become out´and´out State 



                                                78 


´ Page 79´

                             PROPOSED ROADS TO FREEDOM 



Socialists。 On the other hand�察�the Syndicalists�察�who accept from Marx the 

doctrine of the class war�察�which they regard as what is really vital in his 

teaching�察�reject the State with abhorrence and wish to abolish it wholly�察�in 

which   respect   they  are   at   one   with   the Anarchists。 The   Guild   Socialists�察�

though   some   persons   in   this   country   regard   them   as   extremists�察  �really 

represent the English love of compromise。 The Syndicalist arguments as to 

the dangers inherent in the power of the State have made them dissatisfied 

with the old State Socialism�察�but they are unable to accept the Anarchist 

view     that   society    can   dispense     altogether    with    a   central   authority。 

Accordingly they propose that there should be two co´equal instruments of 

Government        in   a  community�察     �the   one   geographical�察     �representing     the 

consumers�察  �and   essentially   the   continuation   of   the   democratic   State�察  �the 

other   representing   the   producers�察  �organized�察  �not   geographically�察  �but   in 

guilds�察  �after   the   manner   of   industrial   unionism。   These   two   author´   ities 

will deal with different classes of questions。 Guild Socialists do not regard 

the industrial authority as forming part of the State�察�for they contend that it 

is the essence of the State to be geographical�察�but the industrial authority 

will resemble the present State in the fact that it will have coercive powers�察�

and that its decrees will be enforced�察�when necessary。 It is to be suspected 

that Syndicalists also�察�much as they object to the existing State�察�would not 

object to coercion of individuals in an industry by the Trade Union in that 

industry。 Government within the Trade Union would probably be quite as 

strict as State government is now。 In saying this we are assuming that the 

theoretical Anarchism of Syndicalist leaders would not survive accession 

to   power�察   �but   I  am   afraid   experience      shows    that  this   is  not  a  very 

hazardous assumption。 

     Among all these different views�察�the one which raises the deepest issue 

is   the   Anarchist     contention     that   all  coercion     by   the   community       is 

unnecessary。   Like   most   of   the   things   that Anarchists   say�察  �there   is   much 

more to be urged in support of this view than most people would suppose 

at first sight。 Kropotkin�察�who is its ablest exponent�察�points out how much 

has been achieved already by the method of free agreement。 He does not 

wish to abolish government in the sense of collective decisions�此�what he 

does wish to abolish is the system by which a decision is en´ forced upon 



                                                79 


´ Page 80´

                             PROPOSED ROADS TO FREEDOM 



those who oppose it。��48�А�The whole system of representative government 

and majority rule is to him a bad thing。��49�А�He points to such instances as 

the agreements among the different railway systems of the Continent for 

the running of through expresses and for co´operation generally。 He points 

out   that   in   such   cases   the   different   companies   or   authorities   concerned 

each     appoint    a   delegate�察   �and   that   the   delegates    suggest     a  basis   of 

agreement�察�which has to be subsequently ratified by each of the bodies ap´ 

pointing them。 The assembly of delegates has no coercive power whatever�察�

and a majority can do nothing against a recalcitrant minority。 Yet this has 

not prevented the conclusion of very elaborate systems of agreements。 By 

such     methods�察     �so    Anarchists     contend�察     �the   USEFUL        functions     of 

government can be carried out without any coercion。 They maintain that 

the usefulness of agreement is so patent as to make co´operation certain if 

once the predatory motives associated with the present system of private 

property were removed。 

       ��48�А   �`On   the   other   hand�察  �the   STATE   has   also   been   confused   with 

GOVERNMENT。   As   there   can   be   no   State   without

卦指朕村 貧匯匈 和匯匈 指欺競何 壘��1�� 家��2��

低辛嬬浪散議