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proposed roads to freedom(宥吏徭喇岻揃)-及36嫗

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last words of the Communist Manifesto embody this idea 

       Let   the   ruling   classes    tremble    at  a  Communistic        revolution。    The 

proletarians have   nothing to lose but   their   chains。 They  have   a   world   to 

win。 Working men of all countries�察�unite� �

       So long as the proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains�察�it is 

not likely that their enmity will be directed against other proletarians。  If 

the world had developed as Marx   expected�察�the   kind of   internationalism 

which he foresaw might have inspired a universal social revolution。 Russia�察�

which devel´ oped more nearly than any other country upon the lines of 

his   system�察  �has   had   a   revolution   of   the   kind   which   he   expected。   If   the 

development in other countries had been similar�察�it is highly probable that 

this   revolution   would   have   spread   throughout   the   civilized   world。   The 

proletariat of all countries might have united against the capitalists as their 



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common enemy�察�and in the bond of an identical hatred they might for the 

moment   have   been   free   from   hatred   toward   each   other。   Even   then�察  �this 

ground of union would have ceased with their victory�察�and on the morrow 

of   the   social   revolution   the   old   national   rivalries   might   have       revived。 

There is no alchemy by which a universal harmony can be produced out of 

hatred。 Those who have been inspired to action by the doctrine of the class 

war will have acquired the habit of hatred�察�and will instinctively seek new 

enemies when the old ones have been vanquished。 

     But   in   actual   fact   the   psychology   of   the   working   man   in   any   of   the 

Western      democracies       is  totally   unlike    that   which     is  assumed      in  the 

Communist Manifesto。 He does not by any means feel that he has nothing 

to lose but his chains�察�nor indeed is this true。 The chains which bind Asia 

and Africa in subjection to Europe are partly riveted by him。 He is himself 

part   of   a   great   system   of   tyranny   and   exploitation。   Universal   freedom 

would remove�察�not only his own chains�察�which are comparatively light�察�but 

the far heavier chains which he has helped to fasten upon the subject races 

of the world。 

     Not only do the working men of a country like England have a share in 

the   benefit   accruing   from   the   exploitation   of   inferior   races�察  �but   many 

among   them   also   have   their   part   in   the   capitalist   system。   The   funds   of 

Trade Unions and Friendly Societies are invested in ordinary undertakings�察�

such   as   railways�察  �many   of   the   better´paid   wage´earners   have   put   their 

savings   into   government   securities�察  �and   almost   all   who   are   politically 

active   feel   themselves   part   of   the   forces   that   determine   public   policy�察�

through   the   power   of   the   Labor   Party   and   the   greater   unions。   Owing   to 

these   causes   their   outlook   on   life   has   become   to   a   considerable   extent 

impregnated with capitalism and as their sense of power has grown�察�their 

nationalism       has    increased。     This    must    continue      to   be   true   of   any 

internationalism        which     is   based    upon     hatred    of   the   capitalist    and 

adherence to the doctrine of the class war。 Something more positive and 

constructive than this is needed if governing democracies are not to inherit 

the vices of governing classes in the past。 

     I do not wish to be thought to deny that capitalism does very much to 

promote   wars�察  �or      that   wars   would     probably   be   less    frequent   and    less 



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destructive if private property were abolished。 On the contrary�察�I believe 

that the abolition of private ownership of land and capital is a necessary 

step toward any world in which the nations are to live at peace with one 

another。 I am only arguing that this step�察�necessary as it is�察�will not alone 

suffice for this end�察�but that among the causes of war there are others that 

go deeper into the roots of human nature than any that orthodox Socialists 

are wont to acknowledge。 

     Let us take an instance。 In Australia and California there is an intense 

dislike and fear toward the yellow races。 The causes of this are complex�察�

the   chief   among   them   are   two�察  �labor   competition   and   instinctive   race´ 

hatred。 It is probable that�察�if race´ hatred did not exist�察�the difficulties of 

labor competition could be overcome。 European immigrants also compete�察�

but   they   are   not   excluded。   In   a   sparsely   populated   country�察  �industrious 

cheap labor could�察�with a little care�察�be so utilized as to enrich the existing 

inhabitants�察�it might�察�for example�察�be confined to certain kinds of work�察�by 

custom if not by law。 But   race´hatred opens   men's minds to   the evils of 

competition   and   closes   them   against   the   advantages   of   co´operation�察  �it 

makes   them   regard   with       horror    the   somewhat     unfamiliar   vices     of  the 

aliens�察�while our own vices are viewed with mild toleration。 I cannot but 

think that�察�if Australia were completely socialized�察�there would still remain 

the same popular objection as at present to any large influx of Chinese or 

Japanese   labor。   Yet   if   Japan   also   were   to   become   a   Socialist   State�察  �the 

Japanese   might   well   continue   to   feel   the   pressure  of   population   and   the 

desire for an outlet。 In such circumstances�察�all the passions and interests 

required   to   produce   a   war   would   exist�察  �in   spite   of   the   establishment   of 

Socialism   in   both   countries。   Ants   are   as   completely   Socialistic   as   any 

community   can   possibly   be�察  �yet   they   put   to   death   any   ant   which   strays 

among them by mistake from a neighboring ant´heap。 Men do not differ 

much from ants�察�as regards their instincts in this respect�察�where´ ever there 

is a great divergence of race�察�as between white men and yellow men。 Of 

course      the   instinct   of   race´hostility     can    be   overcome       by   suitable 

circumstances�察      �but   in  the  absence     of  such   circumstances       it  remains   a 

formidable menace to the world's peace。 

     If the peace of the world is ever to become secure�察�I believe there will 



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have   to   be�察  �along   with   other   changes�察  �a   development   of   the   idea   which 

inspires     the   project    of  a  League      of  Nations。     As   time    goes    on�察  �the 

destructiveness of war grows greater and its profits grow less�此�the rational 

argument   against   war   acquires   more   and   more   force   as   the   increasing 

productivity   of   labor   makes   it   possible   to   devote   a   greater   and   greater 

proportion   of   the   population   to   the   work   of   mutual   slaughter。   In   quiet 

times�察�or when a great war has just ended�察�men's moods are amenable to 

the   rational   grounds   in   favor   of   peace�察  �and   it   is   possible   to   inaugurate 

schemes designed to make wars less frequent。 Probably no civilized nation 

would embark upon an aggressive war if it were fairly certain in advance 

that the aggressor must be defeated。 This could be achieved if most great 

nations came to regard the peace of the world as of such importance that 

they would side against an aggressor even in a quarrel in which they had 

no direct interest。 It is on this 

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