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they would side against an aggressor even in a quarrel in which they had 

no direct interest。 It is on this hope that the League of Nations is based。 

     But the League of Nations�察�like the abolition of private property�察�will 

be by no means sufficient if it is not accompanied or quickly followed by 

other reforms。 It is clear that such reforms�察�if they are to be effective�察�must 

be international�察�the world must move as a whole in these matters�察�if it is 

to move at all。 One of the most obvious necessities�察�if peace is to be secure�察�

is a measure of disarmament。 So long as the present vast armies and navies 

exist�察�no system can prevent the risk of war。 But disarmament�察�if it is to 

serve its purpose�察�must be simultaneous and by mutual agreement among 

all the Great Powers。 And it is not likely to be successful so long as hatred 

and     suspicion    rule   between      nations�察   �for  each    nation    will  suspect     its 

neighbor   of   not   carrying   out   the   bargain   fairly。   A   different   mental   and 

moral atmosphere from that to which we are accustomed in international 

affairs will be necessary if agreements between nations are to succeed in 

averting   catastrophes。   If   once   such   an   atmosphere   existed   it   might   be 

perpetuated       and    strengthened      by   wise    institutions�察   �but   it  cannot    be 

CREATED           by   institutions     alone。   International      co´operation      requires 

mutual   good   will�察  �and   good   will�察  �however   it   has   arisen�察  �is   only   to   be 

PRESERVED by co´operation。 The international future depends upon the 

possibility of the initial creation of good will between nations。 

     It   is   in   this   sort   of   matter   that   revolutions   are   most   useful。   If   the 



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Russian   Revolution   had   been   accompanied   by   a   revolution   in   Germany�察�

the dramatic suddenness of the change might have shaken Europe�察�for the 

moment�察  �out   of   its   habits   of   thought�此  �the   idea   of   fraternity   might   have 

seemed�察�in the twinkling of an eye�察�to have entered the world of practical 

politics�察�and no idea is so practical as the idea of the brotherhood of man�察�

if   only   people   can   be   startled   into   believing   in   it。   If   once   the   idea   of 

fraternity     between     nations    were    inaugurated      with    the  faith   and   vigor 

belonging   to   a   new   revolution�察  �all   the   difficulties   surrounding   it   would 

melt away�察�for all of them are due to suspicion and the tyranny of ancient 

prejudice。 Those who ��as is common in the English´speaking world�� reject 

revolution   as   a   method�察  �and   praise   the   gradual   piecemeal   development 

which      ��we   are  told��   constitutes     solid  progress�察    �overlook     the  effect   of 

dramatic       events    in   changing      the   mood      and    the   beliefs    of   whole 

populations。 A simultaneous revolution in Germany and Russia would no 

doubt have had such an effect�察�and would have made the creation of a new 

world possible here and now。 

     Dis aliter visum�此�the millennium is not for our time。 The great moment 

has passed�察�and for ourselves it is again the distant hope that must inspire 

us�察�not the immediate breathless looking for the deliverance。��56�А�But we 

have seen what might have been�察�and we know that great possibilities do 

arise in times of crisis。 In some such sense as this�察�it may well be true that 

the Socialist revolution is the road to universal peace�察�and that when it has 

been traversed all the other conditions for the cessation of wars will grow 

of themselves out of the changed mental and moral atmosphere。 

       ��56�А�This was written in March�察�1918�察�almost the darkest moment of 

the war。 

       There   is   a   certain   class   of   difficulties   which   surrounds   the   sober 

idealist in all speculations about the not too distant future。 These are the 

cases     where    the   solution    believed    by   most    idealists   to  be   universally 

applicable      is  for   some    reason    impossible�察     �and   is�察 �at  the   same    time�察�

objected   to   for   base   or   interested   motives   by   all   upholders   of   existing 

inequalities。   The   case   of   Tropical   Africa   will   illustrate   what   I   mean。   It 

would   be   difficult   seriously   to   advocate   the   immediate   introduction   of 

parliamentary government for the natives of this part of the world�察�even if 



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it were accompanied by women's suffrage and proportional representation。 

So far as I know�察�no one supposes the populations of these regions capable 

of self´ determination�察�except Mr。 Lloyd George。 There can be no doubt 

that�察�whatever regime may be introduced in Europe�察�African negroes will 

for a long time to come be governed and exploited by Europeans。 If the 

European States became Socialistic�察�and refused�察�under a Quixotic impulse�察�

to enrich themselves at the expense of the defenseless inhabitants of Africa�察�

those inhabitants would not thereby gain�察�on the contrary�察�they would lose�察�

for they would be handed over to the tender mercies of individual traders�察�

operating with armies of reprobate bravos�察�and committing every atrocity 

to   which    the   civilized   barbarian    is  prone。   The    European     governments 

cannot divest themselves of responsibility in regard to Africa。 They must 

govern   there�察  �and   the   best   that   can   be   hoped   is   that   they  should   govern 

with    a  minimum       of  cruelty   and    rapacity。   From    the   point   of  view    of 

preserving      the  peace    of   the  world�察   �the  problem     is  to  parcel    out  the 

advantages which white men derive from their position in Africa in such a 

way     that   no  nation    shall   feel  a  sense    of   injustice。   This   problem     is 

comparatively  simple�察 �and   might no doubt   be  solved on   the  lines   of   the 

war aims of the Inter´Allied Socialists。 But it is not this problem which I 

wish to discuss。 What I wish to consider is�察�how could a Socialist or an 

Anarchist   community   govern   and   administer   an   African   region�察  �full   of 

natural   wealth�察  �but   inhabited   by   a   quite   uncivilized   population�拭  �Unless 

great     precautions       were     taken    the    white     community�察      �under      the 

circumstances�察  �would   acquire   the   position   and   the   instincts   of   a   slave´ 

owner。     It  would    tend   to  keep   the   negroes    down     to  the  bare   level   of 

subsistence�察     �while   using    the  produce     of  their  country     to  increase    the 

comfort and splendor of the Communist community。 It would do this with 

that careful unconsciousness which now characterizes all the worst acts of 

nations。   Administrators   would   be   appointed   and   would   be   expected   to 

keep silence as to their methods。 Busybodies who reported horrors would 

be   disbelieved�察  �and   would   be   said   to   be   actuated   by   hatred   toward   the 

existing regime and by a perverse love for every country but their own。 No 

doubt�察�in the first generous enthusiasm accompanying the establishment of 

the   new   regime   at   home�察  �there   would   be   every   intention   of   making   the 



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natives happy�察�but gradually they would be forgotten�察�and only the tribute 

coming   from   their   country   would   be   remembered。   I   do   not   say   that   all 

these evils are unavoidable�察�I say only that they will not be avoided unle

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