misc writings and speeches(致帽針傍嚥亟)-及48嫗
梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈��梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈��梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何��
!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��
contribute�察�and more to receive。 The dividend which each can obtain of the
public plunder becomes less and less tempting。 But the interests of the
subjects and the rulers never absolutely coincide till the subjects
themselves become the rulers�察 �that is�察 �till the government be either
immediately or mediately democratical。
But this is not enough。 ;Will without power�察─ �said the sagacious
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Casimir to Milor Beefington�察 �is like children playing at soldiers。; The
people will always be desirous to promote their own interests�察�but it may
be doubted�察 �whether�察 �in any community�察 �they were ever sufficiently
educated to understand them。 Even in this island�察 �where the multitude
have long been better informed than in any other part of Europe�察�the rights
of the many have generally been asserted against themselves by the
patriotism of the few。 Free trade�察�one of the greatest blessings which a
government can confer on a people�察�is in almost every country unpopular。
It may be well doubted�察 �whether a liberal policy with regard to our
commercial relations would find any support from a parliament elected by
universal suffrage。 The republicans on the other side of the Atlantic have
recently adopted regulations of which the consequences will�察�before long�察�
show us�察�
;How nations sink�察 �by darling schemes oppressed�察 �When vengeance
listens to the fool's request。;
The people are to be governed for their own good�察�and�察�that they may
be governed for their own good�察�they must not be governed by their own
ignorance。 There are countries in which it would be as absurd to
establish popular government as to abolish all the restraints in a school�察�or
to untie all the strait´waistcoats in a madhouse。
Hence it may be concluded that the happiest state of society is that in
which supreme power resides in the whole body of a well´ informed
people。 This is an imaginary�察 �perhaps an unattainable�察 �state of things。
Yet�察�in some measure�察�we may approximate to it�察�and he alone deserves
the name of a great statesman�察�whose principle it is to extend the power of
the people in proportion to the extent of their knowledge�察�and to give them
every facility for obtaining such a degree of knowledge as may render it
safe to trust them with absolute power。 In the mean time�察�it is dangerous
to praise or condemn constitutions in the abstract�察 �since�察 �from the
despotism of St Petersburg to the democracy of Washington�察 �there is
scarcely a form of government which might not�察 �at least in some
hypothetical case�察�be the best possible。
If�察�however�察�there be any form of government which in all ages and all
nations has always been�察 �and must always be�察 �pernicious�察 �it is certainly
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that which Mr Mitford�察�on his usual principle of being wiser than all the
rest of the world�察�has taken under his especial patronagepure oligarchy。
This is closely�察 �and indeed inseparably�察 �connected with another of his
eccentric tastes�察 �a marked partiality for Lacedaemon�察 �and a dislike of
Athens。 Mr Mitford's book has�察�I suspect�察�rendered these sentiments in
some degree popular�察�and I shall�察�therefore�察�examine them at some length。
The shades in the Athenian character strike the eye more rapidly than
those in the Lacedaemonian�此 �not because they are darker�察 �but because
they are on a brighter ground。 The law of ostracism is an instance of this。
Nothing can be conceived more odious than the practice of punishing a
citizen�察 �simply and professedly�察 �for his eminence��and nothing in the
institutions of Athens is more frequently or more justly censured。
Lacedaemon was free from this。 And why�拭�Lacedaemon did not need it。
Oligarchy is an ostracism of itself��an ostracism not occasional�察 �but
permanent�察 �not dubious�察 �but certain。 Her laws prevented the
development of merit instead of attacking its maturity。 They did not cut
down the plant in its high and palmy state�察�but cursed the soil with eternal
sterility。 In spite of the law of ostracism�察 �Athens produced�察 �within a
hundred and fifty years�察�the greatest public men that ever existed。 Whom
had Sparta to ostracise�拭 �She produced�察 �at most�察 �four eminent men�察�
Brasidas�察�Gylippus�察 �Lysander�察 �and Agesilaus。 Of these�察 �not one rose to
distinction within her jurisdiction。 It was only when they escaped from
the region within which the influence of aristocracy withered everything
good and noble�察�it was only when they ceased to be Lacedaemonians�察�that
they became great men。 Brasidas�察 �among the cities of Thrace�察 �was
strictly a democratical leader�察 �the favourite minister and general of the
people。 The same may be said of Gylippus�察�at Syracuse。 Lysander�察�in
the Hellespont�察�and Agesilaus�察�in Asia�察�were liberated for a time from the
hateful restraints imposed by the constitution of Lycurgus。 Both acquired
fame abroad�察 �and both returned to be watched and depressed at home。
This is not peculiar to Sparta。 Oligarchy�察 �wherever it has existed�察 �has
always stunted the growth of genius。 Thus it was at Rome�察 �till about a
century before the Christian era�此 �we read of abundance of consuls and
dictators who won battles�察�and enjoyed triumphs�察�but we look in vain for a
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single man of the first order of intellect��for a Pericles�察�a Demosthenes�察�or
a Hannibal。 The Gracchi formed a strong democratical party�察 �Marius
revived it�察 �the foundations of the old aristocracy were shaken�察 �and two
generations fertile in really great men appeared。
Venice is a still more remarkable instance�此 �in her history we see
nothing but the state�察�aristocracy had destroyed every seed of genius and
virtue。 Her dominion was like herself�察 �lofty and magnificent�察 �but
founded on filth and weeds。 God forbid that there should ever again exist
a powerful and civilised state�察 �which�察 �after existing through thirteen
hundred eventful years�察 �should not bequeath to mankind the memory of
one great name or one generous action。
Many writers�察 �and Mr Mitford among the number�察 �have admired the
stability of the Spartan institutions�察 �in fact�察 �there is little to admire�察 �and
less to approve。 Oligarchy is the weakest and the most stable of
governments�察 �and it is stable because it is weak。 It has a sort of
valetudinarian longevity�察�it lives in the balance of Sanctorius�察�it takes no
exercise�察 �it exposes itself to no accident�察�