seven discourses on art(簒宝鈍讐恙)-及30嫗
梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈��梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈��梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何��
!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��
find them�察 �all we can do is to distinguish the things to which they are
applied。
We may let pass those things which are at once subjects of taste and
sense�察�and which having as much certainty as the senses themselves�察�give
no occasion to inquiry or dispute。 The natural appetite or taste of the
human mind is for truth�察�whether that truth results from the real agreement
or equality of original ideas among themselves�察�from the agreement of the
representation of any object with the thing represented�察 �or from the
correspondence of the several parts of any arrangement with each other。
It is the very same taste which relishes a demonstration in geometry�察�that is
pleased with the resemblance of a picture to an original�察�and touched with
88
´ Page 89´
SEVEN DISCOURSES ON ART
the harmony of music。
All these have unalterable and fixed foundations in nature�察 �and are
therefore equally investigated by reason�察�and known by study�察�some with
more�察 �some with less clearness�察 �but all exactly in the same way。 A
picture that is unlike�察�is false。 Disproportionate ordinance of parts is not
right because it cannot be true until it ceases to be a contradiction to assert
that the parts have no relation to the whole。 Colouring is true where it is
naturally adapted to the eye�察 �from brightness�察 �from softness�察 �from
harmony�察�from resemblance�察�because these agree with their object�察�nature�察�
and therefore are true�此 �as true as mathematical demonstration�察�but known
to be true only to those who study these things。
But besides real�察�there is also apparent truth�察�or opinion�察�or prejudice。
With regard to real truth�察�when it is known�察�the taste which conforms to it
is�察�and must be�察�uniform。 With regard to the second sort of truth�察�which
may be called truth upon sufferance�察�or truth by courtesy�察�it is not fixed�察�
but variable。 However�察�whilst these opinions and prejudices on which it
is founded continue�察�they operate as truth�察�and the art�察�whose office it is to
please the mind�察 �as well as instruct it�察 �must direct itself according to
opinion�察�or it will not attain its end。
In proportion as these prejudices are known to be generally diffused�察�
or long received�察�the taste which conforms to them approaches nearer to
certainty�察�and to a sort of resemblance to real science�察�even where opinions
are found to be no better than prejudices。 And since they deserve�察 �on
account of their duration and extent�察�to be considered as really true�察�they
become capable of no small decree of stability and determination by their
permanent and uniform nature。
As these prejudices become more narrow�察�more local�察�more transitory�察�
this secondary taste becomes more and more fantastical�察�recedes from real
science�察�is less to be approved by reason�察 �and less followed in practice�察�
though in no case perhaps to be wholly neglected�察�where it does not stand�察�
as it sometimes does�察�in direct defiance of the most respectable opinions
received amongst mankind。
Having laid down these positions�察 �I shall proceed with less method�察�
because less will serve�察�to explain and apply them。
89
´ Page 90´
SEVEN DISCOURSES ON ART
We will take it for granted that reason is something invariable and
fixed in the nature of things�察�and without endeavouring to go back to an
account of first principles�察�which for ever will elude our search�察�we will
conclude that whatever goes under the name of taste�察�which we can fairly
bring under the dominion of reason�察�must be considered as equally exempt
from change。 If therefore�察�in the course of this inquiry�察�we can show that
there are rules for the conduct of the artist which are fixed and invariable�察�
it implies�察 �of course�察 �that the art of the connoisseur�察 �or�察 �in other words�察�
taste�察�has likewise invariable principles。
Of the judgment which we make on the works of art�察 �and the
preference that we give to one class of art over another�察 �if a reason be
demanded�察�the question is perhaps evaded by answering�察 �I judge from my
taste;�察�but it does not follow that a better answer cannot be given�察�though
for common gazers this may be sufficient。 Every man is not obliged to
investigate the causes of his approbation or dislike。
The arts would lie open for ever to caprice and casualty�察�if those who
are to judge of their excellences had no settled principles by which they
are to regulate their decisions�察 �and the merit or defect of performances
were to be determined by unguided fancy。 And indeed we may venture
to assert that whatever speculative knowledge is necessary to the artist�察�is
equally and indispensably necessary to the connoisseur。
The first idea that occurs in the consideration of what is fixed in art�察�or
in taste�察�is that presiding principle of which I have so frequently spoken in
former discourses�察�the general idea of nature。 The beginning�察�the middle�察�
and the end of everything that is valuable in taste�察 �is comprised in the
knowledge of what is truly nature�察�for whatever ideas are not conformable
to those of nature�察�or universal opinion�察�must be considered as more or less
capricious。
The idea of nature comprehending not only the forms which nature
produces�察�but also the nature and internal fabric and organisation�察�as I may
call it�察 �of the human mind and imagination�此 �general ideas�察 �beauty�察 �or
nature�察 �are but different ways of expressing the same thing�察 �whether we
apply these terms to statues�察�poetry�察�or picture。 Deformity is not nature�察�
but an accidental deviation from her accustomed practice。 This general
90
´ Page 91´
SEVEN DISCOURSES ON ART
idea therefore ought to be called nature�察 �and nothing else�察 �correctly
speaking�察�has a right to that name。 But we are so far from speaking�察�in
common conversation�察�with any such accuracy�察�that�察�on the contrary�察�when
we criticise Rembrandt and other Dutch painters�察 �who introduced into
their historical pictures exact representations of individual objects with all
their imperfections�察�we say�察�though it is not in a good taste�察�yet it is nature。
This misapplication of terms must be very often perplexing to the
young student。 Is not�察�he may say�察�art an imitation of nature�拭�Must he not�察�
therefore�察 �who imitates her with the greatest fidelity be the best artist�拭�
By this mode of reasoning Rembrandt has a higher place than Raffaelle。
But a very little reflection will serve to show us that these particularities
cannot be nature�此 �for how can that be the nature of man�察�in which no two
individuals are the same�拭�
It plainly appears that as a work is conducted under the influence of
general ideas or partial it is principally to be considered as the effect of a
good or a bad taste。
As beauty therefore does not consist in taking what lies immediately
before you�察�so neither�察�in our pursuit of taste�察�are those opinions which we
first received and adopted the best choice�察�or the most natural to the mind
and imagination。
In the infancy of our knowledg