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seven discourses on art(簒宝鈍讐恙)-及30嫗

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find   them�察  �all   we   can   do   is   to   distinguish   the   things   to   which   they   are 

applied。 

     We may let pass those things which are at once subjects of taste and 

sense�察�and which having as much certainty as the senses themselves�察�give 

no   occasion   to   inquiry   or   dispute。    The   natural   appetite   or   taste   of   the 

human mind is for truth�察�whether that truth results from the real agreement 

or equality of original ideas among themselves�察�from the agreement of the 

representation      of   any   object    with   the  thing    represented�察    �or  from    the 

correspondence of   the several parts of any  arrangement with   each other。 

It is the very same taste which relishes a demonstration in geometry�察�that is 

pleased with the resemblance of a picture to an original�察�and touched with 



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the harmony of music。 

     All   these   have   unalterable   and   fixed   foundations   in   nature�察  �and   are 

therefore equally investigated by reason�察�and known by study�察�some with 

more�察    �some    with   less  clearness�察  �but   all  exactly   in  the  same    way。    A 

picture that is unlike�察�is false。       Disproportionate ordinance of parts is not 

right because it cannot be true until it ceases to be a contradiction to assert 

that the parts have no relation to the whole。            Colouring is true where it is 

naturally     adapted     to  the   eye�察  �from    brightness�察   �from    softness�察   �from 

harmony�察�from resemblance�察�because these agree with their object�察�nature�察�

and therefore are true�此      �as true as mathematical demonstration�察�but known 

to be true only to those who study these things。 

     But besides real�察�there is also apparent truth�察�or opinion�察�or prejudice。 

With regard to real truth�察�when it is known�察�the taste which conforms to it 

is�察�and must be�察�uniform。          With regard to the second sort of truth�察�which 

may be called truth upon sufferance�察�or truth by courtesy�察�it is not fixed�察�

but variable。      However�察�whilst these opinions and prejudices on which it 

is founded continue�察�they operate as truth�察�and the art�察�whose office it is to 

please   the   mind�察  �as   well   as   instruct   it�察  �must   direct   itself   according   to 

opinion�察�or it will not attain its end。 

     In proportion as these prejudices are known to be generally diffused�察�

or long received�察�the taste which conforms to them approaches nearer to 

certainty�察�and to a sort of resemblance to real science�察�even where opinions 

are   found   to   be   no   better   than   prejudices。 And   since   they   deserve�察  �on 

account of their duration and extent�察�to be considered as really true�察�they 

become capable of no small decree of stability and determination by their 

permanent and uniform nature。 

     As these prejudices become more narrow�察�more local�察�more transitory�察�

this secondary taste becomes more and more fantastical�察�recedes from real 

science�察�is less   to be   approved   by  reason�察  �and   less   followed   in   practice�察�

though in no case perhaps to be wholly neglected�察�where it does not stand�察�

as it sometimes does�察�in direct defiance of the most respectable opinions 

received amongst mankind。 

     Having   laid   down   these   positions�察  �I   shall   proceed   with   less   method�察�

because less will serve�察�to explain and apply them。 



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     We   will   take   it   for   granted   that   reason   is   something   invariable   and 

fixed in the nature of things�察�and without endeavouring to go back to an 

account of first principles�察�which for ever will elude our search�察�we will 

conclude that whatever goes under the name of taste�察�which we can fairly 

bring under the dominion of reason�察�must be considered as equally exempt 

from change。        If therefore�察�in the course of this inquiry�察�we can show that 

there are rules for the conduct of the artist which are fixed and invariable�察�

it   implies�察  �of   course�察  �that   the   art   of   the   connoisseur�察  �or�察  �in   other   words�察�

taste�察�has likewise invariable principles。 

     Of    the   judgment      which     we   make     on   the   works     of  art�察 �and    the 

preference   that   we   give   to   one   class   of   art   over   another�察  �if   a   reason   be 

demanded�察�the question is perhaps evaded by answering�察 �I judge from my 

taste;�察�but it does not follow that a better answer cannot be given�察�though 

for   common   gazers   this   may   be   sufficient。   Every   man   is   not   obliged   to 

investigate the causes of his approbation or dislike。 

     The arts would lie open for ever to caprice and casualty�察�if those who 

are to judge of their excellences had no settled principles by which they 

are   to   regulate   their   decisions�察  �and   the   merit   or   defect   of   performances 

were to be determined by unguided fancy。                   And indeed we may venture 

to assert that whatever speculative knowledge is necessary to the artist�察�is 

equally and indispensably necessary to the connoisseur。 

     The first idea that occurs in the consideration of what is fixed in art�察�or 

in taste�察�is that presiding principle of which I have so frequently spoken in 

former discourses�察�the general idea of nature。 The beginning�察�the middle�察�

and   the   end   of   everything   that   is   valuable   in   taste�察  �is   comprised   in   the 

knowledge of what is truly nature�察�for whatever ideas are not conformable 

to those of nature�察�or universal opinion�察�must be considered as more or less 

capricious。 

     The   idea   of   nature   comprehending   not   only   the   forms   which   nature 

produces�察�but also the nature and internal fabric and organisation�察�as I may 

call   it�察  �of   the   human   mind   and   imagination�此     �general   ideas�察  �beauty�察  �or 

nature�察  �are   but different   ways   of   expressing the same   thing�察  �whether   we 

apply these terms to statues�察�poetry�察�or picture。               Deformity is not nature�察�

but an accidental deviation from her accustomed practice。                       This general 



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idea    therefore    ought     to  be   called   nature�察   �and   nothing    else�察  �correctly 

speaking�察�has a right to that name。             But we are so far from speaking�察�in 

common conversation�察�with any such accuracy�察�that�察�on the contrary�察�when 

we   criticise   Rembrandt   and   other   Dutch   painters�察  �who   introduced   into 

their historical pictures exact representations of individual objects with all 

their imperfections�察�we say�察�though it is not in a good taste�察�yet it is nature。 

     This   misapplication   of   terms   must   be   very   often   perplexing   to   the 

young student。        Is not�察�he may say�察�art an imitation of nature�拭�Must he not�察�

therefore�察  �who   imitates   her   with   the   greatest   fidelity   be   the   best   artist�拭�

By this mode of reasoning Rembrandt has a higher place than Raffaelle。 

But a very little reflection will serve to show us that these particularities 

cannot be nature�此       �for how can that be the nature of man�察�in which no two 

individuals are the same�拭�

     It plainly appears that as a work is conducted under the influence of 

general ideas or partial it is principally to be considered as the effect of a 

good or a bad taste。 

     As beauty therefore does not consist in taking what lies immediately 

before you�察�so neither�察�in our pursuit of taste�察�are those opinions which we 

first received and adopted the best choice�察�or the most natural to the mind 

and imagination。 

     In   the   infancy   of   our   knowledg

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