seven discourses on art(簒宝鈍讐恙)-及31嫗
梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈��梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈��梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何��
!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��
first received and adopted the best choice�察�or the most natural to the mind
and imagination。
In the infancy of our knowledge we seize with greediness the good
that is within our reach�察�it is by after´consideration�察�and in consequence of
discipline�察�that we refuse the present for a greater good at a distance。 The
nobility or elevation of all arts�察�like the excellence of virtue itself�察�consists
in adopting this enlarged and comprehensive idea�察�and all criticism built
upon the more confined view of what is natural�察�may properly be called
shallow criticism�察 �rather than false�察 �its defect is that the truth is not
sufficiently extensive。
It has sometimes happened that some of the greatest men in our art
have been betrayed into errors by this confined mode of reasoning。
Poussin�察 �who�察 �upon the whole�察 �may be produced as an instance of
attention to the most enlarged and extensive ideas of nature�察 �from not
having settled principles on this point�察�has in one instance at least�察�I think�察�
deserted truth for prejudice。 He is said to have vindicated the conduct of
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Julio Romano�察 �for his inattention to the masses of light and shade�察 �or
grouping the figures�察 �in the battle of Constantine�察 �as if designedly
neglected�察�the better to correspond with the hurry and confusion of a battle。
Poussin's own conduct in his representations of Bacchanalian triumphs
and sacrifices�察 �makes us more easily give credit to this report�察 �since in
such subjects�察�as well indeed as in many others�察�it was too much his own
practice。 The best apology we can make for this conduct is what
proceeds from the association of our ideas�察 �the prejudice we have in
favour of antiquity。 Poussin's works�察�as I have formerly observed�察�have
very much the air of the ancient manner of painting�察�in which there are not
the least traces to make us think that what we call the keeping�察 �the
composition of light and shade�察 �or distribution of the work into masses�察�
claimed any part of their attention。 But surely whatever apology we may
find out for this neglect�察 �it ought to be ranked among the defects of
Poussin�察�as well as of the antique paintings�察�and the moderns have a right
to that praise which is their due�察�for having given so pleasing an addition
to the splendour of the art。
Perhaps no apology ought to be received for offences committed
against the vehicle ��whether it be the organ of seeing or of hearing�� by
which our pleasures are conveyed to the mind。 We must take the same
care that the eye be not perplexed and distracted by a confusion of equal
parts�察�or equal lights�察 �as of offending it by an unharmonious mixture of
colours。 We may venture to be more confident of the truth of this
observation�察 �since we find that Shakespeare�察 �on a parallel occasion�察 �has
made Hamlet recommend to the players a precept of the same kind�察�never
to offend the ear by harsh sounds�此� ;In the very torrent�察 �tempest�察 �and
whirlwind of your passions�察─�says he�察 �you must beget a temperance that
may give it smoothness。; And yet�察 �at the same time�察 �he very justly
observes�察 �The end of playing�察�both at the first and now�察�is to hold�察�as it
were�察�the mirror up to nature。; No one can deny but that violent passions
will naturally emit harsh and disagreeable tones�察 �yet this great poet and
critic thought that this imitation of nature would cost too much�察 �if
purchased at the expense of disagreeable sensations�察�or�察�as he expresses it�察�
of ;splitting the ear。; The poet and actor�察�as well as the painter of genius
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who is well acquainted with all the variety and sources of pleasure in the
mind and imagination�察�has little regard or attention to common nature�察�or
creeping after common sense。 By overleaping those narrow bounds�察�he
more effectually seizes the whole mind�察 �and more powerfully
accomplishes his purpose。 This success is ignorantly imagined to
proceed from inattention to all rules�察 �and in defiance of reason and
judgment�察�whereas it is in truth acting according to the best rules�察�and the
justest reason。
He who thinks nature�察�in the narrow sense of the word�察�is alone to be
followed�察 �will produce but a scanty entertainment for the imagination�此�
everything is to be done with which it is natural for the mind to be pleased�察�
whether it proceeds from simplicity or variety�察�uniformity or irregularity�此�
whether the scenes are familiar or exotic�察�rude and wild�察�or enriched and
cultivated�察�for it is natural for the mind to be pleased with all these in their
turn。 In short�察�whatever pleases has in it what is analogous to the mind�察�
and is therefore�察�in the highest and best sense of the word�察�natural。
It is this sense of nature or truth which ought more particularly to be
cultivated by the professors of art�察�and it may be observed that many wise
and learned men�察�who have accustomed their minds to admit nothing for
truth but what can be proved by mathematical demonstration�察�have seldom
any relish for those arts which address themselves to the fancy�察 �the
rectitude and truth of which is known by another kind of proof�此 �and we
may add that the acquisition of this knowledge requires as much
circumspection and sagacity�察�as to attain those truths which are more open
to demonstration。 Reason must ultimately determine our choice on every
occasion�察�but this reason may still be exerted ineffectually by applying to
taste principles which�察�though right as far as they go�察�yet do not reach the
object。 No man�察 �for instance�察 �can deny that it seems at first view very
reasonable�察 �that a statue which is to carry down to posterity the
resemblance of an individual should be dressed in the fashion of the times�察�
in the dress which he himself wore�此 �this would certainly be true if the
dress were part of the man。 But after a time the dress is only an
amusement for an antiquarian�察�and if it obstructs the general design of the
piece�察�it is to be disregarded by the artist。 Common sense must here give
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way to a higher sense。
In the naked form�察�and in the disposition of the drapery�察�the difference
between one artist and another is principally seen。 But if he is compelled
to the modern dress�察 �the naked form is entirely hid�察 �and the drapery is
already disposed by the skill of the tailor。 Were a Phidias to obey such
absurd commands�察 �he would please no more than an ordinary sculptor�察�
since�察 �in the inferior parts of every art�察 �the learned and the ignorant are
nearly upon a level。
These were probably among the reasons that induced the sculptor of
that wonderf