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seven discourses on art(簒宝鈍讐恙)-及31嫗

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first received and adopted the best choice�察�or the most natural to the mind 

and imagination。 

     In   the   infancy   of   our   knowledge   we   seize   with   greediness   the   good 

that is within our reach�察�it is by after´consideration�察�and in consequence of 

discipline�察�that we refuse the present for a greater good at a distance。                  The 

nobility or elevation of all arts�察�like the excellence of virtue itself�察�consists 

in adopting this enlarged and comprehensive idea�察�and all criticism built 

upon the more confined view of what is natural�察�may properly be called 

shallow      criticism�察  �rather   than   false�察  �its  defect   is  that  the   truth   is  not 

sufficiently extensive。 

     It   has   sometimes   happened   that   some   of   the   greatest   men   in   our   art 

have     been    betrayed    into   errors   by   this   confined     mode     of  reasoning。 

Poussin�察     �who�察   �upon    the   whole�察   �may    be   produced      as  an   instance     of 

attention   to   the   most   enlarged   and   extensive   ideas   of   nature�察  �from   not 

having settled principles on this point�察�has in one instance at least�察�I think�察�

deserted truth for prejudice。          He is said to have vindicated the conduct of 



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Julio   Romano�察  �for   his   inattention   to   the   masses   of   light   and   shade�察  �or 

grouping       the   figures�察   �in  the   battle    of  Constantine�察      �as   if  designedly 

neglected�察�the better to correspond with the hurry and confusion of a battle。 

Poussin's   own   conduct   in   his   representations   of   Bacchanalian   triumphs 

and   sacrifices�察  �makes   us   more   easily   give   credit   to   this   report�察  �since   in 

such subjects�察�as well indeed as in many others�察�it was too much his own 

practice。      The     best   apology     we    can    make     for  this   conduct     is  what 

proceeds   from   the       association     of  our   ideas�察  �the   prejudice     we   have    in 

favour of antiquity。         Poussin's works�察�as I have formerly observed�察�have 

very much the air of the ancient manner of painting�察�in which there are not 

the    least  traces    to  make     us  think    that  what    we    call  the   keeping�察    �the 

composition of   light   and   shade�察 �or   distribution of   the  work   into   masses�察�

claimed any part of their attention。             But surely whatever apology we may 

find   out   for   this   neglect�察  �it   ought   to   be   ranked   among   the   defects   of 

Poussin�察�as well as of the antique paintings�察�and the moderns have a right 

to that praise which is their due�察�for having given so pleasing an addition 

to the splendour of the art。 

     Perhaps      no   apology     ought     to  be   received    for   offences     committed 

against   the   vehicle   ��whether   it   be   the   organ   of   seeing   or   of   hearing��   by 

which our pleasures are conveyed to the mind。                     We must take the same 

care that the eye be not perplexed and distracted by a confusion of equal 

parts�察�or   equal   lights�察  �as   of   offending   it   by  an   unharmonious   mixture   of 

colours。      We     may    venture     to  be   more    confident     of   the   truth   of  this 

observation�察  �since   we   find   that   Shakespeare�察  �on   a   parallel   occasion�察  �has 

made Hamlet recommend to the players a precept of the same kind�察�never 

to   offend   the   ear   by   harsh   sounds�此�   ;In   the   very   torrent�察  �tempest�察  �and 

whirlwind of your passions�察─�says he�察 �you must beget a temperance that 

may   give   it   smoothness。;         And   yet�察  �at   the   same   time�察  �he   very   justly 

observes�察 �The end of playing�察�both at the first and now�察�is to hold�察�as it 

were�察�the mirror up to nature。;            No one can deny but that violent passions 

will   naturally  emit   harsh   and   disagreeable   tones�察  �yet   this   great   poet   and 

critic    thought     that  this   imitation     of  nature    would     cost    too   much�察    �if 

purchased at the expense of disagreeable sensations�察�or�察�as he expresses it�察�

of ;splitting the ear。;        The poet and actor�察�as well as the painter of genius 



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who is well acquainted with all the variety and sources of pleasure in the 

mind and imagination�察�has little regard or attention to common nature�察�or 

creeping after common sense。            By overleaping those narrow bounds�察�he 

more      effectually    seizes    the    whole     mind�察   �and    more     powerfully 

accomplishes       his   purpose。     This    success    is  ignorantly    imagined     to 

proceed     from    inattention   to  all  rules�察 �and   in  defiance   of  reason    and 

judgment�察�whereas it is in truth acting according to the best rules�察�and the 

justest reason。 

     He who thinks nature�察�in the narrow sense of the word�察�is alone to be 

followed�察  �will   produce   but   a   scanty   entertainment   for   the   imagination�此�

everything is to be done with which it is natural for the mind to be pleased�察�

whether it proceeds from simplicity or variety�察�uniformity or irregularity�此�

whether the scenes are familiar or exotic�察�rude and wild�察�or enriched and 

cultivated�察�for it is natural for the mind to be pleased with all these in their 

turn。    In short�察�whatever pleases has in it what is analogous to the mind�察�

and is therefore�察�in the highest and best sense of the word�察�natural。 

     It is this sense of nature or truth which ought more particularly to be 

cultivated by the professors of art�察�and it may be observed that many wise 

and learned men�察�who have accustomed their minds to admit nothing for 

truth but what can be proved by mathematical demonstration�察�have seldom 

any    relish  for   those  arts  which    address    themselves    to  the   fancy�察 �the 

rectitude and truth of which is known by another kind of proof�此                �and we 

may     add    that  the   acquisition    of  this  knowledge      requires    as  much 

circumspection and sagacity�察�as to attain those truths which are more open 

to demonstration。       Reason must ultimately determine our choice on every 

occasion�察�but this reason may still be exerted ineffectually by applying to 

taste principles which�察�though right as far as they go�察�yet do not reach the 

object。    No man�察 �for   instance�察 �can deny  that   it   seems   at   first view very 

reasonable�察     �that  a  statue   which     is  to  carry   down     to  posterity   the 

resemblance of an individual should be dressed in the fashion of the times�察�

in the dress which he himself   wore�此         �this would   certainly be   true if   the 

dress    were   part   of  the  man。    But    after  a  time   the  dress   is  only  an 

amusement for an antiquarian�察�and if it obstructs the general design of the 

piece�察�it is to be disregarded by the artist。       Common sense must here give 



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way to a higher sense。 

     In the naked form�察�and in the disposition of the drapery�察�the difference 

between one artist and another is principally seen。                But if he is compelled 

to   the   modern   dress�察  �the   naked   form   is   entirely   hid�察  �and   the   drapery   is 

already disposed by the skill of the tailor。              Were a Phidias to obey such 

absurd   commands�察  �he   would   please   no   more   than   an   ordinary   sculptor�察�

since�察  �in   the   inferior   parts   of   every  art�察  �the   learned   and   the   ignorant   are 

nearly upon a level。 

     These were probably among the reasons that induced the sculptor of 

that wonderf

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