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     These were probably among the reasons that induced the sculptor of 

that wonderful figure of Laocoon to exhibit him naked�察�notwithstanding he 

was surprised in the act of sacrificing to Apollo�察�and consequently ought to 

be    shown     in   his  sacerdotal     habits�察  �if  those    greater    reasons    had    not 

preponderated。        Art is not yet in so high estimation with us as to obtain so 

great    a   sacrifice   as   the  ancients     made�察   �especially     the  Grecians�察    �who 

suffered themselves to be represented naked�察�whether they were generals�察�

lawgivers�察�or kings。 

     Under   this   head   of   balancing   and   choosing   the   greater   reason�察  �or   of 

two evils taking the least�察�we may consider the conduct of Rubens in the 

Luxembourg gallery�察�of mixing allegorical figures with representations of 

real personages�察�which�察�though acknowledged to be a fault�察�yet�察�if the artist 

considered   himself   as   engaged   to   furnish   this   gallery   with   a   rich   and 

splendid   ornament�察  �this   could   not   be   done�察  �at   least   in   an   equal   degree�察�

without   peopling   the   air   and   water   with   these   allegorical   figures�此        �he 

therefore      accomplished        that   he   purposes。       In    this   case    all   lesser 

considerations�察  �which   tend   to   obstruct   the   great   end   of   the   work�察  �must 

yield and give way。 

     If it is objected that Rubens judged ill at first in thinking it necessary 

to make his work so very ornamental�察�this brings the question upon new 

ground。      It was his peculiar style�察�he could paint in no other�察�and he was 

selected for that work�察�probably�察�because it was his style。                     Nobody will 

dispute  but   some   of   the best   of   the  Roman   or   Bolognian   schools   would 

have produced a more learned and more noble work。 

     This leads us to another important province of taste�察�of weighing the 

value     of   the   different     classes    of   the   art�察 �and    of   estimating      them 



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accordingly。 

     All arts have means within them of applying themselves with success 

both   to   the   intellectual   and   sensitive   part   of   our   natures。 It   can   be   no 

dispute�察�supposing both these means put in practice with equal abilities�察�to 

which we ought to give the preference�此             �to him who represents the heroic 

arts   and   more   dignified passions   of   man�察 �or   to   him  who�察 �by  the   help   of 

meretricious      ornaments�察     �however     elegant    and   graceful�察   �captivates    the 

sensuality�察    �as  it  may    be  called�察  �of   our  taste。   Thus     the   Roman     and 

Bolognian   schools   are   reasonably   preferred   to   the  Venetian�察  �Flemish�察  �or 

Dutch      schools�察   �as  they   address     themselves     to   our   best   and   noblest 

faculties。 

     Well´turned   periods   in   eloquence�察  �or   harmony   of   numbers   in   poetry�察�

which are in those arts what colouring is in painting�察�however highly we 

may esteem them�察�can never be considered as of equal importance with the 

art   of   unfolding   truths   that   are   useful   to   mankind�察  �and   which   make   us 

better or wiser。      Nor can those works which remind us of the poverty and 

meanness of our nature�察�be considered as of equal rank with what excites 

ideas of grandeur�察�or raises and dignifies humanity�察�or�察�in the words of a 

late poet�察�which makes the beholder learn to venerate himself as man。 

     It is reason and good sense therefore which ranks and estimates every 

art�察�and every part of that art�察�according to its importance�察�from the painter 

of animated down to inanimated nature。                We will not allow a man�察�who 

shall prefer the inferior style�察�to say it is his taste�察�taste here has nothing�察�

or at least ought to have nothing to do with the question。                  He wants not 

taste�察�but sense�察�and soundness of judgment。 

     Indeed�察�perfection in an inferior style may be reasonably preferred to 

mediocrity in the highest walks of art。             A landscape of Claude Lorraine 

may   be   preferred   to   a   history   of   Luca   Jordano�察  �but   hence   appears   the 

necessity of the connoisseur's knowing in what consists the excellence of 

each class�察�in order to judge how near it approaches to perfection。 

     Even     in  works   of   the   same   kind�察  �as  in  history   painting�察  �which     is 

composed of various parts�察�excellence of an inferior species�察�carried to a 

very high degree�察�will make a work very valuable�察�and in some measure 

compensate for the absence of the higher kind of merits。                  It is the duty of 



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the connoisseur to know and esteem�察�as much as it may deserve�察�every part 

of painting�察�he will not then think even Bassano unworthy of his notice�察�

who�察�though totally devoid of expression�察�sense�察�grace�察�or elegance�察�may 

be   esteemed   on   account   of   his   admirable   taste   of   colours�察  �which�察  �in   his 

best works�察�are little inferior to those of Titian。 

     Since I have mentioned Bassano�察�we must do him likewise the justice 

to acknowledge that�察�though he did not aspire to the dignity of expressing 

the   characters   and   passions   of   men�察  �yet�察  �with   respect   to   the   facility   and 

truth in his manner of touching animals of all kinds�察�and giving them what 

painters call their character�察�few have ever excelled him。 

     To   Bassano   we   may  add   Paul Veronese   and Tintoret�察  �for their   entire 

inattention to what is justly esteemed the most essential part of our art�察�the 

expression   of   the   passions。     Notwithstanding   these   glaring   deficiencies�察�

we justly esteem their works�察�but it must be remembered that they do not 

please from those defects�察�but from their great excellences of another kind�察�

and in spite of such transgressions。           These excellences�察�too�察�as far as they 

go�察�are founded in the truth of general nature。              They tell the truth�察�though 

not the whole truth。 

     By these considerations�察�which can never be too frequently impressed�察�

may  be   obviated   two   errors   which   I   observed   to   have   been�察  �formerly  at 

least�察  �the   most   prevalent�察  �and   to   be   most   injurious   to   artists�此 �that   of 

thinking taste and genius to have nothing to do with reason�察 �and that of 

taking particular living objects for nature。 

     I shall now say something on that part of taste which�察�as I have hinted 

to you before�察�does not belong so much to the external form of things�察�but 

is addressed to the mind�察�and depends on its original frame�察�or�察�to use the 

expression�察�the organisation of   the soul�察�I   mean   the imagination   and   the 

passions。      The principles of these are as invariable as the former�察�and are 

to   be   known   and   reasoned   upon   in   the   same   manner�察  �by   an   appeal   to 

common   sense   deciding   upon   the   common   feelings   of   mankind。              This 

sense�察  �and   these   feelings�察  �appear   to   me   of   equal   authority�察  �and   equally 

conclusive。 

     Now   this   appeal   implies   a   general   uniformity   and   agreement   in   the 

minds of men。         It would be else an idle and vain endeavour to establish 



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rules of art�察�it would be pursuing a phantom to attempt to move affections 

with which we were entirely unacquainted。                We have no reason to suspect 

there is a greater difference between our minds than between our forms�察�of 

which�察�thou

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