seven discourses on art(簒宝鈍讐恙)-及32嫗
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!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��
These were probably among the reasons that induced the sculptor of
that wonderful figure of Laocoon to exhibit him naked�察�notwithstanding he
was surprised in the act of sacrificing to Apollo�察�and consequently ought to
be shown in his sacerdotal habits�察 �if those greater reasons had not
preponderated。 Art is not yet in so high estimation with us as to obtain so
great a sacrifice as the ancients made�察 �especially the Grecians�察 �who
suffered themselves to be represented naked�察�whether they were generals�察�
lawgivers�察�or kings。
Under this head of balancing and choosing the greater reason�察 �or of
two evils taking the least�察�we may consider the conduct of Rubens in the
Luxembourg gallery�察�of mixing allegorical figures with representations of
real personages�察�which�察�though acknowledged to be a fault�察�yet�察�if the artist
considered himself as engaged to furnish this gallery with a rich and
splendid ornament�察 �this could not be done�察 �at least in an equal degree�察�
without peopling the air and water with these allegorical figures�此 �he
therefore accomplished that he purposes。 In this case all lesser
considerations�察 �which tend to obstruct the great end of the work�察 �must
yield and give way。
If it is objected that Rubens judged ill at first in thinking it necessary
to make his work so very ornamental�察�this brings the question upon new
ground。 It was his peculiar style�察�he could paint in no other�察�and he was
selected for that work�察�probably�察�because it was his style。 Nobody will
dispute but some of the best of the Roman or Bolognian schools would
have produced a more learned and more noble work。
This leads us to another important province of taste�察�of weighing the
value of the different classes of the art�察 �and of estimating them
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accordingly。
All arts have means within them of applying themselves with success
both to the intellectual and sensitive part of our natures。 It can be no
dispute�察�supposing both these means put in practice with equal abilities�察�to
which we ought to give the preference�此 �to him who represents the heroic
arts and more dignified passions of man�察 �or to him who�察 �by the help of
meretricious ornaments�察 �however elegant and graceful�察 �captivates the
sensuality�察 �as it may be called�察 �of our taste。 Thus the Roman and
Bolognian schools are reasonably preferred to the Venetian�察 �Flemish�察 �or
Dutch schools�察 �as they address themselves to our best and noblest
faculties。
Well´turned periods in eloquence�察 �or harmony of numbers in poetry�察�
which are in those arts what colouring is in painting�察�however highly we
may esteem them�察�can never be considered as of equal importance with the
art of unfolding truths that are useful to mankind�察 �and which make us
better or wiser。 Nor can those works which remind us of the poverty and
meanness of our nature�察�be considered as of equal rank with what excites
ideas of grandeur�察�or raises and dignifies humanity�察�or�察�in the words of a
late poet�察�which makes the beholder learn to venerate himself as man。
It is reason and good sense therefore which ranks and estimates every
art�察�and every part of that art�察�according to its importance�察�from the painter
of animated down to inanimated nature。 We will not allow a man�察�who
shall prefer the inferior style�察�to say it is his taste�察�taste here has nothing�察�
or at least ought to have nothing to do with the question。 He wants not
taste�察�but sense�察�and soundness of judgment。
Indeed�察�perfection in an inferior style may be reasonably preferred to
mediocrity in the highest walks of art。 A landscape of Claude Lorraine
may be preferred to a history of Luca Jordano�察 �but hence appears the
necessity of the connoisseur's knowing in what consists the excellence of
each class�察�in order to judge how near it approaches to perfection。
Even in works of the same kind�察 �as in history painting�察 �which is
composed of various parts�察�excellence of an inferior species�察�carried to a
very high degree�察�will make a work very valuable�察�and in some measure
compensate for the absence of the higher kind of merits。 It is the duty of
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the connoisseur to know and esteem�察�as much as it may deserve�察�every part
of painting�察�he will not then think even Bassano unworthy of his notice�察�
who�察�though totally devoid of expression�察�sense�察�grace�察�or elegance�察�may
be esteemed on account of his admirable taste of colours�察 �which�察 �in his
best works�察�are little inferior to those of Titian。
Since I have mentioned Bassano�察�we must do him likewise the justice
to acknowledge that�察�though he did not aspire to the dignity of expressing
the characters and passions of men�察 �yet�察 �with respect to the facility and
truth in his manner of touching animals of all kinds�察�and giving them what
painters call their character�察�few have ever excelled him。
To Bassano we may add Paul Veronese and Tintoret�察 �for their entire
inattention to what is justly esteemed the most essential part of our art�察�the
expression of the passions。 Notwithstanding these glaring deficiencies�察�
we justly esteem their works�察�but it must be remembered that they do not
please from those defects�察�but from their great excellences of another kind�察�
and in spite of such transgressions。 These excellences�察�too�察�as far as they
go�察�are founded in the truth of general nature。 They tell the truth�察�though
not the whole truth。
By these considerations�察�which can never be too frequently impressed�察�
may be obviated two errors which I observed to have been�察 �formerly at
least�察 �the most prevalent�察 �and to be most injurious to artists�此 �that of
thinking taste and genius to have nothing to do with reason�察 �and that of
taking particular living objects for nature。
I shall now say something on that part of taste which�察�as I have hinted
to you before�察�does not belong so much to the external form of things�察�but
is addressed to the mind�察�and depends on its original frame�察�or�察�to use the
expression�察�the organisation of the soul�察�I mean the imagination and the
passions。 The principles of these are as invariable as the former�察�and are
to be known and reasoned upon in the same manner�察 �by an appeal to
common sense deciding upon the common feelings of mankind。 This
sense�察 �and these feelings�察 �appear to me of equal authority�察 �and equally
conclusive。
Now this appeal implies a general uniformity and agreement in the
minds of men。 It would be else an idle and vain endeavour to establish
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rules of art�察�it would be pursuing a phantom to attempt to move affections
with which we were entirely unacquainted。 We have no reason to suspect
there is a greater difference between our minds than between our forms�察�of
which�察�thou